Porta Universorum ( ISSN 3030-2234) is a peer-reviewed, multidisciplinary publication committed to promoting research in the natural sciences. Guided by a global editorial staff of prominent academics, it promotes stringent standards, open collaboration, and the unrestricted flow of knowledge, serving as a conduit for creative discoveries and interdisciplinary discourse.
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Digital Economy and Human Behavior: Psychological Drivers of Financial Decision-Making
The rapid expansion of the digital economy has significantly transformed financial systems and human decision-making behavior. This study examines the psychological drivers influencing financial decision-making within digital environments, with particular emphasis on the role of cognitive biases, trust mechanisms, risk perception, and behavioral adaptation in the face of artificial intelligence, blockchain technologies, and digital financial platforms. Drawing on a synthesis of behavioral economics theory and recent empirical literature, the paper argues that financial decision-making in digital ecosystems is shaped not only by classical rationality but also by heuristic shortcuts, algorithmic dependency, information overload, and the reconfiguration of trust from interpersonal to technology-mediated forms. Foundational frameworks by Kahneman and Tversky (1979) and Thaler and Sunstein (2008) are integrated with contemporary digital finance research to develop a unified analytical model. The findings suggest that digital ecosystems simultaneously enhance efficiency and introduce new behavioral risks, requiring adaptive psychological responses from both individuals and institutions. The study contributes to the growing literature on behavioral digital economics by bridging classical behavioral finance with the unique demands of the algorithm-driven financial landscape.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Anesthetic Management and Perioperative Risks in the Geriatric Population
The increasing frequency of surgical interventions in the elderly population poses significant challenges in modern anesthesiology, requiring a highly specialized clinical approach. Anesthetic risks in older patients are not merely a function of chronological age but are fundamentally linked to the depletion of physiological reserve and structural involution within vital organ systems. Aging leads to increased vascular rigidity and decreased myocardial compliance, significantly elevating the likelihood of intraoperative hemodynamic instability and myocardial infarction. In the respiratory system, the loss of lung elasticity and weakened protective airway reflexes heighten the risk of postoperative pneumonia and respiratory failure. Perhaps the most concerning complication is related to the central nervous system: postoperative delirium, characterized by acute confusion, affects approximately 15–50% of elderly patients, leading to prolonged hospitalization and increased mortality. Furthermore, age-related declines in hepatic and renal function impair the clearance of anesthetic agents, increasing the risk of drug toxicity and delayed emergence from anesthesia. The prevalence of comorbidities—diabetes, hypertension, and dementia—combined with polypharmacy, complicates the pharmacological profile and increases the potential for dangerous drug interactions. To mitigate these risks, meticulous preoperative assessment is essential, following the “start low, go slow” principle in drug titration. Preference is often given to regional anesthesia over general anesthesia when feasible to preserve cognitive function and reduce systemic stress. Ultimately, successful anesthesia in the elderly is an intricate balance of maintaining fragile homeostasis while managing the multifaceted physiological decline inherent in aging, requiring a multidisciplinary strategy for optimal outcomes.
The Role of Alternative Plants in the Development Cycle of Beekeeping: A Case Study of Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and ProbeePlus Feed Supplement
This study examines the characteristics of the non-traditional lavender plant (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) with high nectar yield and its role in the development cycle of beekeeping. The agroecological characteristics of this plant, its flowering periods, and the mechanisms of its influence on bee productivity were analyzed from a scientific perspective. Studies show that the lavender field has a significant impact on the expansion of the food base of bee colonies, the extension of the nectar collection period, and the improvement of honey quality indicators. During the research period, the effect of applying a complex biologically active feed supplement (ProbeePlus) to the feed supply of Caucasian (Apis mellifera caucasica) honey bee colonies placed in a lavender field was studied in relation to the development dynamics and honey yield of the bees. The ProbeePlus feed supplement was added to the daily food base of the experimental group of bee colonies, and the brood area and honey yield of the colonies were analyzed comparatively using the Liebefeld method. The results demonstrate that the combined use of lavender as a nectar base and ProbeePlus as a biologically active supplement significantly enhances both colony development and honey productivity.
Application Opportunities and Effectiveness Evaluation of Innovative Management Models in Azerbaijan
In today’s rapidly changing business landscape, the adoption of innovative management models has become a crucial factor for organizational success and national economic growth. Azerbaijan, as a dynamically developing country in the South Caucasus, faces increasing demands for modernization and competitiveness in both public and private sectors. The integration of innovative management approaches such as Agile, Lean, Holacracy, and digital transformation strategies is increasingly recognized as essential for fostering adaptability, improving operational efficiency, and enhancing the competitive advantage of Azerbaijani organizations. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the importance, application opportunities, and effectiveness of innovative management models within the context of Azerbaijan’s economic and organizational development. The research examines how local organizations are embracing these models, the main challenges encountered during implementation, and the tangible outcomes achieved through innovation-driven management practices. Drawing on empirical data collected from surveys and interviews with business leaders, managers, and industry experts, the paper explores the current landscape of management innovation in Azerbaijan and identifies key drivers and barriers. Findings reveal that organizations implementing innovative management models demonstrate higher levels of adaptability, employee engagement, and market responsiveness. However, significant obstacles remain, including limited awareness of global best practices, resistance to change, and insufficient digital infrastructure. The study concludes with practical recommendations for policymakers, business leaders, and practitioners to facilitate the wider adoption and successful integration of innovative management models.
Comparative Evaluation of Agricultural Subsidies and Their Macroeconomic Outcomes
Agricultural subsidies have long served as pivotal instruments in shaping national agricultural policies and fostering economic growth. However, their macroeconomic outcomes remain debated across differing national contexts. This study conducts a comparative evaluation of agricultural subsidy programs in selected countries, analyzing their impacts on macroeconomic indicators such as GDP growth, employment, trade balance, and rural development. Utilizing a combination of econometric analysis and case study comparisons, the research reveals complex interactions between subsidy structures and economic outcomes. The findings suggest that while well-targeted subsidies can bolster rural economies and stimulate growth, poorly designed programs may distort markets and yield limited macroeconomic benefits. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for optimizing subsidy frameworks to maximize positive economic impacts.
Business Performance Analysis: A Comprehensive Approach to Performance Evaluation
This article examines the main approaches and indicators used in the comprehensive evaluation of business performance. The study analyses key financial indicators—including profitability, return on investment, liquidity, and turnover ratios—alongside non-financial factors such as customer satisfaction, employee productivity, innovation level, and market share. The article considers the role of internal resources and external environmental factors in shaping business activity outcomes. Practical analytical instruments including SWOT analysis, KPI systems, and strategic planning tools are discussed with reference to their application in enterprise management. The study traces business development through the stages of the product life cycle—market entry, growth, maturity, and decline—demonstrating how performance assessment criteria and appropriate evaluation methods evolve at each stage. The article emphasises the importance of rational resource allocation, effective risk management, and the adoption of innovative approaches as prerequisites for sustainable enterprise development and long-term competitiveness. The findings indicate that a comprehensive, multi-criteria approach to performance evaluation—one that integrates financial, economic, and strategic dimensions—provides the most reliable basis for managerial decision-making and stable business development.
Digital Transformation of the TRIPP Route: Building Smart Logistics Ecosystems in the Zangezur Corridor
The emergence of digital technologies has significantly transformed global logistics systems, particularly within strategic transit corridors. This study explores the digital transformation of the TRIPP (Trans-Regional Intelligent Physical Platform) route, focusing on the development of smart logistics ecosystems in the Zangezur Corridor. By integrating blockchain, artificial intelligence, and Industry 4.0 technologies, the research examines how digital infrastructure enhances efficiency, transparency, and sustainability in transit operations. The study employs a qualitative analytical approach based on recent academic literature to identify the key technological and economic drivers shaping modern logistics networks. The findings reveal that digital transformation not only improves operational performance but also redefines regional economic integration and geoeconomic dynamics. The paper contributes to the literature by proposing a conceptual framework for smart logistics ecosystems in emerging transit corridors.
Impact of Play-Based Learning on School Readiness and Physical Activity among Preschool Children in Oyo West Local Government Area, Nigeria
This study investigated the effects of play-based learning on school readiness and physical activity among preschool children in Oyo West Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria. The research examined how developmentally appropriate teaching methods can be effective in preparing children for formal schooling. A convergent parallel mixed-methods design was employed, incorporating a quasi-experimental component alongside qualitative classroom observations and teacher interviews. The sample comprised 200 preschool children aged 4–5 years and 20 teachers drawn from public and private Early Childhood Care, Development, and Education (ECCDE) centres, selected through multistage sampling. Data collection instruments included the Play-Based Learning Observation Checklist (PBLOC), the School Readiness Assessment Scale (SRAS), and a semi-structured interview guide. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, linear regression, Pearson Product Moment Correlation, and independent-sample t-tests; qualitative data were subjected to thematic analysis. Findings indicated that play-based learning was a significant predictor of school readiness (β = .47, t = 7.39, p < .001), explaining 46.5% of the variance (R² = .465). Although play-based learning and physical activity showed a positive association, the relationship was not statistically significant (r = .131, p = .065). Children exposed to play-based learning demonstrated significantly higher school readiness scores than those taught through traditional methods (t = 3.857, p < .05). The study concludes that play-based learning is an effective instructional approach for preparing preschool children for formal schooling and recommends expanded access to play materials and improved teacher training.
Sustainable Agricultural Economics in the Era of Climate Change: Policy and Market Implications
Climate change has become one of the most critical challenges affecting agricultural economics, global food security, and rural development. This study examines sustainable agricultural economics in the context of climate change, focusing on policy responses, market mechanisms, and technological transformation. By integrating digital technologies such as blockchain, artificial intelligence, and Industry 4.0 systems, the research explores how modern innovation reshapes agricultural value chains and sustainability outcomes. The study adopts a qualitative synthesis approach based on recent academic literature to analyze the interaction between climate risks, economic policy, and agricultural market behavior. Findings indicate that sustainable agriculture increasingly depends on digital transformation, regulatory frameworks, and innovation-driven governance models. The study contributes to the literature by linking climate-resilient agriculture with digital economic systems and policy innovation.
Tourism Infrastructure Investment: A Catalyst for Sustainable Economic Development
Tourism has emerged as a crucial engine for economic growth, job creation, and cultural exchange in many countries around the world. However, the realization of tourism’s full potential is heavily dependent on the quality and availability of supporting infrastructure, including transportation, accommodation, utilities, and recreational facilities. Investment in tourism infrastructure is therefore a vital prerequisite for attracting both domestic and international tourists, fostering destination competitiveness, and driving long-term, sustainable economic development. This study examines the critical role that infrastructure investment plays in advancing the sustainability and economic resilience of tourism destinations, with particular attention to its environmental, social, and economic dimensions. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, utilizing both qualitative and quantitative data. Primary data were collected through structured interviews with industry stakeholders, policymakers, and local communities, while secondary data were sourced from government reports, academic literature, and international organizations including the UNWTO and OECD. The analysis integrates case studies from both developed and developing countries, with particular attention to Azerbaijan’s tourism development experience. The findings reveal that comprehensive and well-planned infrastructure investments significantly enhance the attractiveness, accessibility, and service quality of tourist destinations, thereby stimulating economic activities and generating employment opportunities. When aligned with sustainability principles, such investments can also mitigate negative environmental impacts, promote community well-being, and ensure the long-term viability of tourism as a development strategy.
The Role of Agriculture in the Development of the Food Industry in Azerbaijan: Integration, Policy, and Prospects
The article examines the strategic role of agriculture in ensuring food security and advancing the non-oil sector of Azerbaijan’s economy. As the principal supplier of raw materials to the food industry, agriculture—through its crop and livestock sub-sectors—forms the continuous input base for processing enterprises and directly stimulates their operational capacity. The strengthening of integration between agricultural production and food processing, implemented through state programs and the development of agroparks, serves to transform primary raw materials into finished products with significantly higher added value. In addition to its substantial contribution to employment, agriculture supports the socio-economic resilience of regional communities and underpins the sustainable development of rural areas. The study analyzes current statistical trends, the mechanisms of agro-industrial integration, the legislative and institutional framework governing the sector, and the prospects for further development. The findings indicate that the application of innovative technologies and digital management systems will enhance the competitiveness of domestically produced goods and elevate Azerbaijan’s export potential to a new level. The paper argues that deepening the integration between agriculture and the food industry is not merely a sectoral priority but a structural necessity for Azerbaijan’s long-term economic diversification.
Geographical Factors Influencing Economic Growth in Emerging Tourist Destinations
The rapid expansion of global tourism has positioned emerging tourist destinations as significant contributors to regional and national economic growth. However, the pace and sustainability of such development are deeply influenced by a variety of geographical factors. This study explores how key geographical elements—including natural landscapes, climate, accessibility, and resource distribution—shape the economic trajectories of emerging tourist areas. The research adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative analysis of case studies from different continents with quantitative assessments of tourism-related economic indicators. The findings reveal that destinations endowed with unique or attractive natural features, such as mountains, coastlines, forests, and biodiversity hotspots, tend to attract greater tourist flows, which in turn fosters job creation, infrastructure development, and increased investment. Climate and seasonality play a crucial role, as favorable weather conditions can extend the tourist season and stabilize local economies. Accessibility, determined by the quality of transport infrastructure and proximity to major markets, emerges as another critical factor, often distinguishing thriving destinations from those struggling to reach their potential. The study also highlights the interplay between geography and cultural assets, noting that regions with rich historical and cultural heritage can leverage these resources for economic gain, provided they are supported by sustainable management practices.
Transliteration Challenges of Internationalized Art Lexicon
The globalization of art discourse has led to the widespread adoption of specialized terms derived from European languages—particularly English, French, and Italian—into a broad range of linguistic and cultural contexts. As these terms enter non-Latin-script languages such as Arabic, Japanese, and Russian, they are often transliterated rather than translated, preserving phonetic resemblance while potentially obscuring semantic depth. This study explores the linguistic, educational, and cultural consequences of transliterating internationalized art terms in these three languages. Using a qualitative, comparative methodology that draws on academic texts, museum materials, media discourse, and expert interviews, the research identifies patterns of inconsistency, semantic ambiguity, and contextual misalignment in transliterated terms. Findings reveal that while transliteration enables alignment with global discourse, it frequently results in terminological confusion, especially in educational and curatorial contexts. Arabic transliterations exhibit significant variation and semantic fragmentation; Japanese transliterations are consistent in form but often lack conceptual clarity; and Russian displays a hybrid model that blends transliteration with historical translation practices. The study concludes that transliteration, when left uncontextualized, impairs effective communication and knowledge transmission in the arts. It calls for standardized multilingual glossaries, culturally responsive pedagogy, and greater reflexivity in the adoption of international terminology.
Current Situation and Development Directions of Public–Private Partnership in the Tourism Sector of Azerbaijan
This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the role, current status, and developmental prospects of public–private partnership (PPP) in Azerbaijan’s tourism sector. As tourism gains increased importance for the country’s economic diversification and international positioning, PPP emerges as a key mechanism for leveraging private investment, innovation, and expertise to complement public sector initiatives. Drawing on statistical data from the State Statistical Committee of Azerbaijan, legislative documents, and international reports from organizations such as the World Bank, UNWTO, OECD, and UNDP, this article evaluates how PPP models have been implemented in Azerbaijan’s tourism sector, their effectiveness in fostering infrastructure development, enhancing service quality, and promoting sustainable tourism in line with global standards. The paper systematically explores the legislative and institutional frameworks that underpin PPPs in Azerbaijan, compares them with international best practices, and identifies gaps and challenges—such as limited sector-specific guidelines, project diversification, and sustainability assessment. Through a detailed comparative analysis presented in tabular form, the article examines the strengths and weaknesses of current PPP practices in the Azerbaijani tourism industry. Key findings indicate that, while foundational progress has been made—especially in the development of tourism infrastructure and heritage conservation—there is significant potential for further enhancement, including expanding PPPs into digital tourism, event management, and marketing, as well as strengthening regulatory clarity and monitoring mechanisms. The study concludes with policy recommendations aimed at fostering a more dynamic, inclusive, and sustainable tourism environment.
Economic Diversification and the Development of Alternative Sectors
Economic diversification has become a central objective for countries seeking sustainable growth and resilience in the face of global economic volatility, especially those traditionally dependent on a single sector such as oil, gas, or minerals. This article investigates the significance, challenges, and opportunities associated with economic diversification, focusing on the development of alternative sectors such as tourism, agriculture, information technology, and renewable energy. The study adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative analysis of policy documents and academic literature with quantitative review of national and international statistical data. Through comparative analysis, the paper examines the experiences of Azerbaijan and other resource-dependent economies, identifying key factors that drive successful diversification initiatives. Findings indicate that effective economic diversification requires a comprehensive policy framework, strong institutional capacity, and coordinated efforts between government, the private sector, and international partners. Investment in human capital, infrastructure, and technology emerges as a critical enabler for the growth of alternative sectors. Additionally, the article highlights the importance of fostering an attractive investment climate, encouraging entrepreneurship, and ensuring access to finance for new and emerging industries. Case studies illustrate how targeted government interventions and public–private partnerships can accelerate sectoral development, promote innovation, and create employment opportunities beyond the traditional economic base. Despite these advances, significant barriers remain, including regulatory bottlenecks, limited access to advanced technologies, and the persistence of skills gaps. The article concludes with practical recommendations for policymakers aimed at further accelerating diversification.
Digital Age and Asım’s Generation: Values and the Struggle for Identity
The rapid expansion of digital technologies has fundamentally transformed the social, cultural, and moral foundations of contemporary societies. These transformations have significantly influenced the formation of identity, value systems, and social relationships, particularly among younger generations. In this context, the concept of “Asım’s Generation” (Asım’ın Nesli), originally articulated by Mehmet Akif Ersoy, represents a powerful intellectual and moral ideal that combines scientific progress with ethical responsibility and cultural continuity. This study aims to reinterpret the idea of Asım’s Generation within the context of the digital age, examining how digital culture, globalization, and social media environments reshape youth identity and value systems. By employing a qualitative literature-based analysis, the study explores the intersection between digital socialization, value transformation, and identity construction. The findings suggest that although digitalization introduces new cultural dynamics that challenge traditional value systems, the ethical and intellectual framework of Asım’s Generation remains relevant as a normative model for guiding youth development in the digital era. The article argues that the integration of digital literacy, ethical awareness, and cultural consciousness is essential for cultivating a new generation capable of navigating the complexities of contemporary digital societies.
Educational Features of Museum Expositions
The article examines the educational features of museum expositions from scientific-pedagogical and socio-cultural perspectives. It is shown that a museum exposition is not merely a space where exhibits are displayed, but also an important instructional tool that contributes to the formation of visitors’ worldview, especially that of schoolchildren, to the development of their aesthetic taste, and to the profound assimilation of historical and cultural heritage. The study substantiates the role of the principle of visuality in the museum environment, the importance of taking age characteristics and spheres of interest into account during the interpretation of exhibits, and the necessity of integrating guide activity with modern technical means. Based on the experience of Azerbaijani museums—particularly the Azerbaijan National Museum of Art, the Jalil Mammadguluzadeh Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic Museum of Literature, and the Azerbaijan National Carpet Museum—the article analyzes the impact of exposition materials on the aesthetic, intellectual, and moral development of schoolchildren. It also demonstrates that museum lessons, open classes, interactive programs, creative workshops, “open door days,” “museum nights,” and other educational events play an important role in increasing the effectiveness of museum education. The educational potential of museum expositions is of particular significance in preserving society’s cultural memory, promoting national and moral values, and shaping the younger generation as individuals.
Application of Artificial Intelligence in Education and Its Pedagogical Efficiency
The rapid advancement of digital technologies and the onset of the Fourth Industrial Revolution have fundamentally transformed the landscape of education, positioning Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a central force in pedagogical reform. This paper examines the application of AI in educational settings, exploring its core mechanisms—including machine learning, generative AI, and intelligent tutoring systems—and evaluating their pedagogical efficiency. The study analyzes how AI-driven tools enable personalized learning, automate administrative processes, and provide continuous formative assessment, thereby enhancing both teaching quality and student outcomes. Alongside these opportunities, the paper critically addresses persistent challenges: academic integrity in the era of generative AI, data privacy and security concerns, the digital divide, and the risk of cognitive dependency. Drawing on international research and the Azerbaijani policy context—particularly the national AI Strategy for 2025–2028—the paper argues that the most effective educational model of the future will not be one defined by technology alone, but by the productive synthesis of artificial intelligence and human pedagogical wisdom. The study concludes with projections for the classroom of 2030 and recommendations for ethical, inclusive AI integration in education.
The Role of Infrastructure in Increasing Investment Attractiveness in the Regions
Infrastructure is a critical determinant in shaping the investment attractiveness of regions, profoundly influencing both economic performance and social well-being. Well-developed infrastructure—encompassing transportation networks, reliable energy supply, advanced communication systems, and robust social services—creates a favorable business environment that draws both domestic and foreign investors. In recent decades, policymakers worldwide have prioritized infrastructure investment as a catalyst for balanced regional development, economic diversification, and the reduction of regional disparities. This paper examines the multifaceted impact of infrastructure on the investment climate in regions, focusing on Azerbaijan as a case study while drawing comparisons with global trends. The research adopts a mixed-methods approach, integrating quantitative data analysis of regional infrastructure and investment statistics with qualitative insights from expert interviews, including government officials, local entrepreneurs, and foreign investors. The findings demonstrate that regions with high-quality infrastructure consistently outperform others in attracting new investments, as such infrastructure reduces operational costs, mitigates logistical risks, and enhances productivity. Moreover, international best practices indicate that sustainable infrastructure development, supported by effective public-private partnerships, is essential for maintaining long-term investment appeal. However, the study also identifies ongoing challenges, such as the need for balanced infrastructure development across regions and the importance of regular maintenance and modernization efforts. The paper concludes with policy recommendations aimed at strengthening infrastructure planning and financing mechanisms to further enhance the investment attractiveness of Azerbaijan’s regions and ensure inclusive, sustainable growth.
The Digital Economy and Human Capital: Opportunities and Challenges
The digital economy has rapidly transformed the structure of global markets, labor dynamics, and the very nature of work. As digitalization accelerates, human capital emerges as a vital determinant of economic competitiveness and social well-being. This article explores the intricate relationship between the digital economy and human capital, examining the unique opportunities and persistent challenges faced by individuals, organizations, and nations. The research highlights the role of education, digital skills, and lifelong learning in shaping adaptive, innovative workforces. It also assesses the risks of digital divides, skills mismatches, and exclusion. The article concludes by offering policy recommendations and future research directions to fully harness human capital for inclusive and sustainable growth in the digital age.
Teaching a Second Language in Schools and the Challenges of the Instructional Process
Proficiency in a second language has become crucial for international communication, career progress, and academic growth in today’s globalized society. Efficient second language training is becoming more and more important in educational institutions as worldwide engagement and access to global information keep on expanding. Even though foreign language instruction receives a lot of emphasis in educational institutions, many students still struggle to communicate successfully in everyday situations. This circumstance suggests that the process of instructing languages faces a number of instructional, technical, and psychological obstacles. Along with analyzing the reasons why students frequently fail to acquire practical communicative competence after years of language study, this article looks at the key variables that affect how well second languages are taught in classrooms. Teaching methods, teacher preparation, assessment systems, learning materials, integration of technology, and socio-psychological settings in the classroom are some of the important aspects of the learning process that receive special attention. The study shows that while communication skills like speaking and listening receive relatively less attention, linguistic proficiency and writing exercises continue to be the main focus of language training in many educational environments. This article examines the effects of motivation, self-confidence, and educational settings on language learning in addition to methodological and institutional issues. Students can overcome anxiety about interacting and engage more fully in language acquisition when an encouraging learning atmosphere is created where errors are seen as normal parts of the learning process. Another crucial element that can boost students’ enthusiasm and offer more chances for language exposure outside of the classroom is collaboration between educators, families, and education institutions.
Export Diversification and Industrial Clustering in Free Economic Zones
This study explores the relationship between export diversification and industrial clustering within Free Economic Zones (FEZs), focusing on their combined effects on regional economic development and competitiveness. Utilizing a comparative case study methodology, the research analyzes global examples from Asia, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe to identify key mechanisms and policy approaches that foster export diversification and successful cluster formation in FEZs. Secondary data sources, including academic literature, international organization reports, and official statistics, are employed to assess the effectiveness of various FEZ models. The findings indicate that export diversification and industrial clustering are mutually reinforcing processes: clusters stimulate innovation, value chain integration, and knowledge spillovers, while diversified exports reduce vulnerability to external shocks and open new growth trajectories. Successful FEZs—such as those in Shenzhen, Dubai, and Katowice—demonstrate the importance of strategic planning, high-quality infrastructure, targeted fiscal incentives, and strong public-private partnerships in achieving these outcomes. However, the research also highlights persistent challenges, including institutional constraints, human capital gaps, and environmental concerns. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for governments and zone administrators seeking to leverage FEZs as engines of sustainable economic growth. Emphasis is placed on the need for adaptive legal frameworks, ongoing investment in infrastructure and skills, robust monitoring systems, and inclusive development strategies that engage local communities and ensure social and environmental responsibility.
Nakhchivan’s Economic Transformation: Drivers, Challenges, and Regional Impact
This paper investigates the economic transformation of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, focusing on the key drivers, persistent challenges, and the broader regional impact of its development trajectory within Azerbaijan. Employing a mixed-methods approach that combines quantitative analysis of macroeconomic indicators—such as GDP growth, employment rates, trade volumes, and sectoral diversification—with qualitative insights from policy documents, academic literature, and expert interviews, the study seeks to answer which factors have most significantly contributed to Nakhchivan’s progress, what obstacles continue to hinder sustainable development, and how the region’s experience has influenced Azerbaijan’s regional economic landscape. The findings reveal that targeted infrastructure investments, forward-looking regional policy reforms, and successful cross-border cooperation, particularly with neighboring Turkey and Iran, have been central to Nakhchivan’s economic growth, improved connectivity, and increased employment opportunities. However, the region still faces considerable challenges, including geographic isolation, limited natural resources, demographic constraints, and a dependence on external markets and political conditions. Despite these ongoing issues, Nakhchivan exemplifies adaptive and resilient regional development, serving as a model for overcoming structural barriers through innovative policy measures and strategic partnerships. The study concludes that sustainable economic growth in Nakhchivan and similar border or semi-autonomous regions depends on context-sensitive strategies, continued investment, and enhanced cooperation both within the country and across borders.
The Pillars of Modern State Banking: Stability, Innovation, and Inclusion
Modern state banking stands at a critical junction as it balances the requirements for financial stability, fosters innovation in a rapidly digitalizing world, and seeks to ensure broad financial inclusion. This article investigates the foundational pillars of state banking policy—stability, innovation, and inclusion—by analyzing contemporary practices, regulatory approaches, and technological developments. Through a review of current literature and international case studies, the article explores how these pillars interact, the challenges facing state banks, and potential directions for future policy. The findings highlight the necessity for an integrated strategy, where robust regulatory frameworks, technological advancements, and inclusive policies collectively strengthen the resilience and societal impact of state banking.
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Digital Trade and Structural Transformation in Developing Economies: Opportunities, Constraints, and Policy Implications
Digitalization has fundamentally reshaped the architecture of global trade. Unlike previous waves of globalization driven by industrial capacity and physical infrastructure, the current transformation is powered by data, platforms, and digital connectivity (Ahmadova & Mammadov, 2025b; UNCTAD, 2021). For developing countries, digital trade presents both an unprecedented opportunity and a structural challenge. This paper examines the relationship between digital trade and economic development, focusing on productivity growth, export diversification, labor market transformation, financial inclusion, and institutional adaptation. It argues that digital trade can become a strategic development tool, but only if supported by coherent policy frameworks, infrastructure investment, and human capital development (Mammadov et al., 2026; World Bank, 2022). Without such foundations, digital integration may reinforce inequalities rather than reduce them.
The Role of Public Policy and Regulatory-Legal Mechanisms in the Context of Economic Management and Sustainable Production
Public policy and regulatory-legal mechanisms have become central to effective economic governance and sustainable production systems due to increasing environmental concerns, technological advancements, and global market pressures (Ahmadova & Mammadov, 2025b; Alizadeh & Ibrahimov, 2026). Coordinated state policies and robust legal frameworks enhance compliance, promote resource efficiency, and drive innovation across production sectors (Ahmadova, Alasgarova, & Ibrahimov, 2026; Mammadov, Alizade, Ibrahimov, & Mammadov, 2026). Recent studies emphasize the importance of integrating governance, policy enforcement, and sustainability-oriented strategies to ensure long-term economic stability and environmental resilience (OECD, 2021; Geissdoerfer, Savaget, Bocken, & Hultink, 2017). This study analyzes different policy and regulatory models that support sustainable production practices, evaluating their role in improving economic management outcomes and fostering sustainable industrial development.
The Impact of Digitalization on Investment Attractiveness: A Regional Approach
In the modern era, digitalization has emerged as a key driver of economic transformation, significantly influencing the structure and functioning of economic systems. The implementation of digital technologies enhances the transparency of the investment environment, reduces operational costs, and improves overall business efficiency. This study analyzes the impact of digitalization on investment attractiveness at the regional level from both theoretical and applied perspectives. Particular attention is given to the interaction between digital infrastructure development, electronic services, and innovative entrepreneurship, and their influence on regional investment flows. The findings indicate that digitalization strengthens the competitiveness of regions and expands opportunities for attracting investment by improving institutional quality and economic performance.
Digitalization in the Agricultural Sector: Opportunities, Threats, and New Economic Behavior Models
The scientific article discusses the steps taken to develop activities in the agricultural sector, discusses the important direction of the digital economy, the application of digital technologies, and the expansion of digital payments. Technological solutions that can be considered perfect today are proposed to prevent attempts to monopolize the digital market by owning information. The article notes the advantages of the formation and development of the digital economy in public life and emphasizes that, along with their realization, they also entail quite serious threats. Among the factors threatening the stability of the digital economy, the unequal distribution of information resources deserves special attention. The article lists the problems of digitalization in the agricultural sector, states that it is impossible to eliminate the listed and other problems in isolation, in other words, they need a comprehensive approach. Finally, it is emphasized that in order for digitalization in the agricultural sector to bring real results in practice, this process should be aimed at creating new models of economic behavior of market participants.
Foreign Language Effect on Financial Risk-Taking: A Psycholinguistic Perspective on Economic Decision-Making
This article examines the Foreign Language Effect (FLE) in financial risk-taking from a psycholinguistic perspective. It argues that language is not only a medium of communication but also a factor shaping cognition, emotion, and decision-making under uncertainty. The study reviews theoretical approaches to the FLE, including dual-process theory, the emotional distance hypothesis, and the cognitive-effort account, and relates them to financial behavior such as loss aversion, framing sensitivity, and risk evaluation. It further discusses empirical research showing that decisions made in a foreign language may reduce emotional resonance and alter risk preferences, although the effect remains context-dependent and influenced by variables such as language proficiency, task type, and cultural background. Particular attention is given to the implications of these findings for multilingual financial communication in banking, investment advising, international business, and financial education. The article concludes that further interdisciplinary research is needed to better understand the role of language in financial judgment and behavior.
Impact of Art Museums on the Aesthetic Education of Schoolchildren
Aesthetic education is essential for the holistic development of schoolchildren, fostering creativity, critical thinking, cultural awareness, and emotional intelligence. Art museums offer unique opportunities for experiential learning by exposing students to authentic artworks, diverse artistic styles, and historical contexts. This study investigates the impact of guided art museum visits on the aesthetic education of schoolchildren aged 10–14 in urban schools. Using a mixed-methods approach, 120 students participated in three museum visits incorporating observation, interactive workshops, and reflective discussions. Quantitative assessments with the Aesthetic Sensitivity Test and art interpretation worksheets revealed significant improvements in visual analysis, emotional response, and symbolic interpretation. Qualitative data from interviews, focus groups, and observational checklists indicated enhanced engagement, creativity, collaborative learning, and cultural empathy. Students who actively participated in workshops showed higher retention and deeper understanding compared to passive observers. The findings highlight the importance of structured, interactive museum programs in complementing classroom instruction and promoting lifelong appreciation of art. Integrating museum visits into school curricula can democratize access to aesthetic education, nurture cognitive and socio-emotional skills, and cultivate essential 21st-century competencies, demonstrating that museums are dynamic spaces for meaningful educational experiences.