Porta Universorum ( ISSN 3030-2234) is a peer-reviewed, multidisciplinary publication committed to promoting research in the natural sciences. Guided by a global editorial staff of prominent academics, it promotes stringent standards, open collaboration, and the unrestricted flow of knowledge, serving as a conduit for creative discoveries and interdisciplinary discourse.
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Marketing Analysis and Consumer Characteristics of Antihypertensive Drugs in the Azerbaijani Pharmaceutical Market
The marketing characteristics and consumer behavior of antihypertensive drugs in the Azerbaijani pharmaceutical market were comprehensively analyzed. The study employed the content-analysis method, surveys conducted among physicians and end-users, and official statistical sources, including the state drug registry, the price lists of the Tariff Council, and data from the Analytical Expertise Center. The results indicate that preparations belonging to anatomical-therapeutic-chemical groups C03, C07, C08, and C09 dominate the market, with drugs acting on the renin-angiotensin system and their combinations occupying the leading position. Analysis of both physician and patient behavior revealed that therapeutic effectiveness and price are the principal criteria in drug selection. At the same time, poor treatment adherence, limited drug availability, and price level were identified as the key challenges in the management of arterial hypertension. The consumer-profile analysis demonstrates that the “effect–cost” balance plays a decisive role in the decision-making process, and that socio-economic factors significantly influence consumer behavior. The findings have practical implications for pharmaceutical companies, healthcare providers, and policymakers seeking to improve the accessibility, affordability, and rational use of antihypertensive therapy in Azerbaijan.
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Different Types of Preliminary Investigation and the Rules for Conducting It
This study examines the concept, forms, and procedural significance of preliminary investigation within criminal proceedings, with particular attention to its role in the pre-trial stage. Preliminary investigation is defined as a mandatory stage of criminal procedure conducted in the form of inquiry and preliminary investigation, aimed at establishing a sufficient evidentiary basis for the resolution of a criminal case in court. Its primary purpose is to identify and verify circumstances subject to proof, ensure proper qualification of the criminal act, and prepare procedural materials for judicial review. The research highlights that preliminary investigation functions as an independent procedural stage characterized by a defined legal framework, specific commencement and termination points, and final procedural decisions such as indictments or final protocols. It is carried out by authorized state bodies, including inquiry officers, investigators, and prosecutors exercising procedural supervision. The process is strictly regulated by criminal procedural legislation, ensuring legality, protection of participants’ rights, and adherence to procedural guarantees. Furthermore, the study distinguishes between different forms of inquiry, including urgent investigative actions and simplified pre-trial proceedings, emphasizing their distinct legal nature and procedural consequences. It concludes that preliminary investigation serves as a foundational stage of criminal justice, ensuring both the protection of victims’ rights and the safeguarding of individuals against unlawful prosecution.
A Multidisciplinary Approach to Thyroid Disorders: Pathological Evaluation, Modern Surgery, and Long-Term Patient Outcomes
Thyroid disorders represent the second most common group of endocrine diseases after diabetes mellitus, affecting an estimated 5–10 percent of the global population, with a pronounced female predominance. The contemporary management of thyroid disease has evolved into a fundamentally multidisciplinary enterprise, requiring the coordinated expertise of endocrinologists, radiologists, pathologists, and surgeons to achieve optimal diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic outcomes. This review synthesizes current knowledge across three interconnected domains: the pathological evaluation of thyroid lesions, including cytological assessment via fine-needle aspiration and the increasing role of molecular profiling; modern surgical techniques and their principal complications, including hypoparathyroidism and recurrent laryngeal nerve injury; and long-term patient outcomes encompassing oncological survival, endocrine function, and quality of life. Drawing on recent large-scale studies and international management guidelines, the review demonstrates that diagnostic precision, appropriate patient selection, surgeon experience, and structured long-term follow-up are the principal determinants of favorable outcomes. The article emphasizes that the integration of pathological, surgical, and endocrinological perspectives within a multidisciplinary framework is essential for minimizing complications, individualizing treatment, and improving the overall well-being of patients with thyroid disorders. It concludes by identifying emerging directions, including molecular diagnostics, minimally invasive and thermal ablation techniques, and patient-centered outcome assessment.
Where Language Meets Emotion: Pathways to Effective Communication in a Globalized World
In an era defined by accelerating globalization and the proliferation of digital communication platforms, the ability to communicate effectively has become both more accessible and more complex. Language provides the rational structure through which information is organized and transmitted, while emotion determines how that information is received, interpreted, and retained. This article argues that effective communication depends not on language alone but on the dynamic integration of linguistic precision and emotional intelligence. Drawing on established theories of emotional intelligence, intercultural communication, and digital semiotics, the study examines five interconnected dimensions of the language–emotion nexus: the theoretical foundations of their interaction, the specific challenges posed by digital environments, the demands of collaboration in multicultural workplaces, the integration of emotional and linguistic competencies in education, and the practical strategies that enable individuals and organizations to communicate across linguistic, cultural, and emotional boundaries. The article further highlights how language barriers, far from being purely technical obstacles, are deeply intertwined with questions of social inclusion, power, and identity. It concludes that overcoming these barriers requires not only technological solutions but a sustained commitment to empathy, cultural literacy, and the education of emotionally intelligent communicators.
Extrema of Multivariable Functions: Local, Global, and Constrained Optimization
This article presents a rigorous and comprehensive exposition of the theory of extrema for multivariable functions, covering the foundational definitions, necessary and sufficient conditions for local extrema, the distinction between local and global (absolute) extrema on closed bounded domains, and the method of Lagrange multipliers for constrained optimization. Beginning from precise definitions of maxima and minima of two-variable functions, the article develops the second-order sufficient conditions via the discriminant of the Hessian matrix, extends these conditions to three-variable functions using principal minors, and establishes the procedure for finding global extrema on closed domains. The theory of constrained extrema is developed through the construction of the Lagrange function, the formulation of necessary conditions as a stationary system, and the application of the bordered Hessian determinant as a sufficient condition. All theoretical results are illustrated with explicit worked examples, including the determination of the global extremum of z = x² + y² on a rectangular domain and the constrained extremum of z = xy subject to the linear constraint 2x + 3y = 5. The article aims to provide students and researchers in mathematics and its applications with a clear, self-contained reference for the theory and practice of multivariable optimization.
Human Dignity, Society, and Social Values: The Philosophical Foundations of Social Work
This article examines the philosophical dimensions of social work through the interconnected lenses of the human person, society, and social values. Social work is evaluated not merely as a professional activity directed at solving social problems, but as a humanistic social institution that safeguards the well-being, dignity, and social integration of individuals. The study analyses the ontological and axiological foundations of social work, the characteristics of the human being as a social entity, the relationship between individuals and society, and the role of social work in preserving and developing social values. Particular attention is given to the principles of humanism, social responsibility, social justice, and solidarity as core orientations of social work practice. The article further discusses the transformation of social values under conditions of globalization and its influence on the content and direction of contemporary social work. The study concludes that social work constitutes a vital sphere of activity that sustains social equilibrium between the individual and society, advances the humanization of social relations, and contributes to the development of moral values across communities and generations.
Artificial Intelligence in International Trade Logistics: Opportunities and Risks
This study examines the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in international trade logistics, focusing on its opportunities and associated risks. The research highlights how AI-driven systems are transforming global supply chain management through automation, predictive analytics, and decision-support systems. At the same time, it explores potential challenges such as cybersecurity risks, labor displacement, and technological inequality. Using a qualitative analytical approach based on secondary data, the study demonstrates that AI significantly enhances efficiency, transparency, and sustainability in international logistics systems. However, effective governance and regulatory frameworks are required to mitigate emerging risks and ensure balanced development.
When Machines Translate: Artificial Intelligence, Human Judgment, and the Future of Translation
The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence has profoundly reshaped the landscape of translation, shifting it from a craft practiced exclusively by human specialists to a hybrid domain where neural machine translation systems, large language models, and AI-assisted tools play increasingly central roles. This article critically examines the capabilities and limitations of contemporary AI translation systems, with particular attention to the Transformer architecture, neural machine translation, and large language models. It argues that while AI has achieved remarkable fluency at the level of sentence-level grammar and lexical accuracy, it continues to fall short in areas requiring cultural sensitivity, pragmatic awareness, and contextual judgment — precisely the domains where human translators remain indispensable. Drawing on research in translation studies, computational linguistics, cognitive science, and language education, the article develops a framework for understanding the complementary relationship between human and machine translation. It proposes a model of ‘cognitive partnership’ in which AI tools augment rather than replace human translators, and discusses the implications of this model for translator training, professional ethics, and the future of the translation industry. The article also addresses the emotional and cultural dimensions of language that resist algorithmic capture, and reflects on what the rise of AI translation reveals about the nature of human language itself.
Transit and Logistics Potential of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic: Strategic Development Prospects in the Context of Regional Connectivity
The Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic possesses significant transit and logistics potential due to its strategic geographical location at the intersection of regional transportation routes connecting the South Caucasus, Türkiye, and Central Asia. Recent geopolitical and economic transformations in Eurasia, particularly the emergence of the Zangezur Corridor and the increasing importance of the Middle Corridor, have strengthened the region’s role in international freight transportation and multimodal logistics systems. This study examines the current state of Nakhchivan’s transport infrastructure, cross-border trade opportunities, and logistics capabilities while evaluating future development perspectives within regional integration processes. The research also analyzes the impact of digital transformation, smart logistics ecosystems, and modern customs technologies on the efficiency of transit operations. Particular attention is devoted to transport diversification, infrastructure modernization, and the enhancement of regional connectivity through railway and highway projects. The article employs comparative analysis, statistical evaluation, and theoretical approaches based on regional economic development concepts. The findings indicate that Nakhchivan has the potential to become an important logistics hub in the South Caucasus by strengthening trade flows, improving transit efficiency, and integrating into international transport corridors. Furthermore, sustainable investments, institutional reforms, and digital logistics solutions are identified as essential factors for long-term competitiveness and economic resilience in the region.
Terminology as a Translation Challenge: Navigating Sociopolitical Texts across Languages
Translating sociopolitical texts is widely considered one of the most demanding tasks in the field of translation studies. These texts deal with topics such as government, law, international relations, elections, and social movements, and they contain a large number of specialized terms that carry very precise meanings. When a translator fails to handle these terms correctly, the result can be a serious misunderstanding of the original message. This article explores the main challenges that translators face when working with terminology in sociopolitical texts, and suggests practical strategies for overcoming them. The study argues that terminology in this text type is not simply a matter of finding the right word — it is deeply connected to culture, ideology, and historical context. The article also discusses the growing role of technology in supporting terminological decisions, while noting that human judgment remains essential. Drawing on established translation theories and recent research in linguistics and language education, the article proposes a balanced approach that combines terminological accuracy with cultural sensitivity and communicative effectiveness.
Climate Risks: The Impacts of Climate Change on Tourism Activities
Climate change poses systemic risks to socio-economic systems, infrastructure, ecosystems, and human health on a global scale. The increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events have made it necessary to reassess emergency preparedness systems. This article examines the nature of climate risks, the concept of emergency preparedness, mechanisms for risk reduction and adaptation, the resilience of healthcare and governance systems, as well as the impacts of climate change on tourism. It also analyzes the economic, environmental, and social effects of tourism activities on the climate. Furthermore, sustainable tourism approaches and adaptation strategies are explored, and international frameworks are reviewed. The main objective of the study is to substantiate a comprehensive, multi-level emergency preparedness model against climate risks from both theoretical and practical perspectives, and to investigate sustainable tourism approaches and adaptation strategies. The study is based on a systematic literature review and a comparative analysis method. Climate change is one of the major challenges affecting various sectors of the global economy in the modern era. The tourism sector acts both as a contributor to climate change and as a field directly impacted by it. The article analyzes the effects of climate change on tourism activities, as well as the economic, environmental, and social impacts of tourism on the climate, while also examining sustainable tourism approaches and adaptation strategies.
Azerbaijani-Georgian Literary Relations in the Scientific Creativity of Academician Madad Chobanov
The article examines Azerbaijani-Georgian literary relations. It is noted that since the beginning of the last century, Azerbaijani and Georgian literary relations have always developed in parallel in the field of artistic thought, especially poetry and prose, as well as in the field of science, and that in the second half of the twentieth century, the academic research and dissemination of Azerbaijani-Georgian literary relations entered a new stage. However, these relations were formed not by inertia, but by the creative relations of individual personalities. Just as personalities shaped the literary environment, personalities also shaped and developed literary relations. Thanks to the great contributions of S. Vurgun, K. Kaladze, G. Leonidze, I. Habibeyli, E. Javelidze, L. Eradze, D. Aliyeva, and others, the Azerbaijani-Georgian friendship, which experienced its best period in terms of both scientific and artistic translation and literary relations, was continued in a new context by Academician Madad Chobanov (1937–2023) in the second half of the last century. This scientific, literary, and artistic tandem entered a new stage of its development in Azerbaijani and Georgian literary studies. These friendly relations constituted a new stage in the fields of linguistics, literary studies, poetry, literary translation, and literary relations. The special place occupied by the theme of Azerbaijani-Georgian friendship in Chobanov’s work not only revealed the literary, cultural, and spiritual heritage of both peoples, but also accelerated the multifaceted nature of literary and cultural relations and brought this ancient friendship to a new level.
Strategic Importance of Teacher Professionalism and Employee Training in the Transportation Field
The article comprehensively analyzes the strategic role of the transport sector in the global economy in modern times, the importance of personnel training, and teacher professionalism in this field. It is noted that the effectiveness of transport systems is determined not only by the technical infrastructure, but also by the level of knowledge and skills of human resources. The uninterrupted operation of logistics chains, the safe organization of passenger transportation, and the development of international trade directly depend on the efficiency of transport systems. It is emphasized that the modern transport sector is developing with the application of digitalization, automation, and artificial intelligence technologies, and it is shown that these changes require new approaches to personnel training. The training of highly qualified personnel makes a significant contribution to increasing transport safety, optimizing logistics costs, and implementing innovative solutions. At the same time, it is noted that teacher professionalism directly affects the quality of the educational process, and their continuous development is necessary. The article substantiates the importance of personnel training based on the principle of lifelong learning rather than being limited to higher education institutions. The article also analyzes existing problems including the lack of full compliance of educational programs with modern requirements, limited practical opportunities, weak technical base, and lack of development opportunities for teachers. Strengthening cooperation between the state, universities, and industry is considered necessary to solve these problems. Ultimately, increasing teacher professionalism and establishing a modern personnel training system are identified as one of the main conditions for the sustainable development of the transport sector, increasing economic competitiveness, and international integration.
Sustainable Transport Systems and the Fight against Climate Change
Climate change is one of the most serious global problems faced by countries around the world in modern times, and the transport sector is considered one of the main influential areas in this process. As a result of automobile, air, sea, and rail transport, large amounts of carbon dioxide and other harmful substances are released into the atmosphere, which leads to global warming, air pollution, and disruption of the ecological balance. Therefore, the development of sustainable transport systems is of great importance. Sustainable transport is a transport model that ensures economic development, causes minimal damage to the environment, and is accessible to society. These systems include the expansion of public transport, the introduction of electric vehicles, the creation of bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure, the use of smart transport technologies, and the application of alternative energy sources. Important steps are being taken in Azerbaijan to modernize the transport system. The expansion of metro lines in Baku, the use of electric buses, the construction of bicycle lanes, and the implementation of smart city projects create important prospects in this area. Sustainable transport systems serve to reduce air pollution, increase energy efficiency, enhance urban mobility, and improve the quality of life of people. Consequently, the development of environmentally friendly and innovative transportation models will make a significant contribution to the formation of a healthier, safer, and more livable society in the future.
Support Mechanisms of the Financial Sector in the Context of Energy Transformation
The article comprehensively analyzes the role of the financial sector and the support mechanisms it provides against the backdrop of accelerating energy transformation. Global climate change, commitments to reduce carbon emissions, and sustainable development priorities have led to fundamental changes in the structure of energy systems, necessitating new approaches to the allocation of financial resources. The main objective of the study is to identify financing instruments for green energy projects, risk-sharing mechanisms, and the institutional role of financial institutions in this process. The findings reveal that strengthening financial cooperation between the public and private sectors, as well as the application of innovative financial instruments such as green bonds, sustainable loans, and investment funds, are of particular importance for the effective implementation of energy transformation. At the same time, increasing transparency in financial markets, improving methodologies for assessing environmental risks, and adopting incentive-based regulatory policies emerge as key factors enhancing the attractiveness of green investments. The article also examines existing challenges in financing the energy transition, including long-term capital shortages, technological uncertainties, and institutional constraints, and proposes conceptual approaches to address them. Ultimately, the strategic orientation of the financial sector is assessed as a decisive factor in accelerating energy transformation and is substantiated as playing a significant role in ensuring sustainable economic development.
Urban Ecology and Biodiversity: Patterns, Mechanisms, and the Role of Green Infrastructure in Sustaining Ecosystem Services
Rapid global urbanization has emerged as one of the most consequential drivers of biodiversity loss and ecosystem transformation in the twenty-first century. By 2050, it is projected that approximately 68 percent of the world’s population will reside in urban areas, intensifying pressures on native species, habitat connectivity, and the provisioning of critical ecosystem services. This review synthesizes the current state of knowledge on urban ecology, with a particular focus on the mechanisms by which urbanization shapes biodiversity, the functional role of green infrastructure in mitigating habitat fragmentation, and the capacity of urban ecosystems to sustain provisioning, regulating, and cultural ecosystem services. Drawing on an extensive body of literature from both Web of Science- and Scopus-indexed sources, the article examines the urban-to-rural biodiversity gradient, the homogenization of urban biota, and the differential responses of taxonomic groups to urban environmental filters. The review argues that green infrastructure—encompassing parks, green roofs, street trees, riparian corridors, and urban wetlands—can substantially offset biodiversity losses and maintain critical services including urban heat island mitigation, stormwater management, carbon sequestration, and psychological well-being. The article concludes with an integrated framework for evidence-based urban ecological planning and identifies key knowledge gaps requiring further empirical investigation.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Training: Skills and Knowledge Evaluation
The effectiveness of training programs stands as a critical factor in both employee development and overall organizational success. As organizations increasingly invest in various forms of training to upskill their workforce, the need for robust assessment mechanisms to measure the actual outcomes of these initiatives becomes more apparent. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of training by focusing on the systematic assessment of skills and knowledge acquired by employees following their participation in training programs. Through a mixed-methods approach, the research integrates quantitative data from standardized pre- and post-training assessments with qualitative insights obtained from participant interviews and feedback forms. The sample consists of employees from several local and international organizations, providing a broad perspective on training outcomes. The findings reveal that organizations employing multi-level evaluation frameworks, such as the Kirkpatrick Model, demonstrate a clearer alignment between training objectives and organizational goals. Quantitative results show statistically significant improvements in both knowledge and skills post-training, while qualitative feedback indicates enhanced motivation, confidence, and job satisfaction among participants. However, the study also identifies persistent barriers to effective evaluation, including limited resources, lack of expertise, and resistance to change within organizations. The research highlights the necessity for continuous improvement in training design and assessment processes to ensure sustained employee development and optimal organizational performance. Recommendations are offered for implementing comprehensive evaluation strategies, emphasizing the integration of both quantitative and qualitative assessment tools. Overall, this study underscores the value of rigorous training evaluation in maximizing return on investment and achieving long-term benefits for both employees and organizations.
Mobile Applications in Foreign Language Education: A Review of Web 2.0 Tools and MALL Technologies
Mobile-Assisted Language Learning (MALL) has emerged as a significant innovation in foreign language education, enabling learners to access multimedia content anytime and anywhere through smartphones and tablets. This article examines various mobile and Web 2.0 applications that support language teaching and learning, including animation tools, quiz platforms, augmented reality applications, digital boards, storytelling tools, document management systems, and classroom management platforms. Applications such as Powtoon, Kahoot!, Plickers, Quizizz, HP Reveal, Padlet, Storybird, CamScanner, and ClassDojo are analyzed in terms of their pedagogical contributions. These tools enhance student motivation, encourage collaboration, provide instant feedback, and support the development of listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills. Drawing on recent studies, including research by Ismayilli and Nuri (2025) and Ismayilli (2024) on mobile language education, the article highlights how mobile technologies foster interactive, student-centered, and constructivist learning environments. It concludes that the effective integration of mobile applications into language education increases engagement, improves learning outcomes, and supports flexible and lifelong learning opportunities.
Mobile-Assisted Language Learning (MALL)
Digitalization and the Expansion of Intangible Production in Emerging Markets
The rapid digitalization of economies across the globe has catalyzed a profound shift in the structure and dynamics of production, particularly within emerging markets. Intangible production—encompassing services, intellectual property, digital content, and knowledge-based activities—is now a primary driver of value creation and economic growth. This article examines the relationship between digitalization and the expansion of intangible production in emerging markets, exploring key opportunities, challenges, and future directions. The research underscores the strategic importance of digital infrastructure, human capital, and supportive policies in fostering a thriving intangible sector. It also highlights persistent barriers such as digital divides, institutional gaps, and skills mismatches. The article concludes by offering policy recommendations for harnessing digitalization as a lever for sustainable, inclusive development.
Migration Processes and the Determinants of Human Capital
This article examines the complex and multifaceted relationship between migration processes and the determinants of human capital, focusing on both internal and international migration flows and their effects on societies of origin and destination. Human capital, broadly defined as the aggregate of individuals’ education, skills, health, and competencies, plays a fundamental role in driving economic growth, innovation, and sustainable development. Migration has become an increasingly important factor in shaping the formation, distribution, and utilization of human capital at local, national, and global levels. While the emigration of skilled individuals can create challenges such as brain drain and talent shortages in sending countries, migration also presents substantial opportunities, including the transfer of knowledge and technology, acquisition of new skills, exposure to innovative practices, and the development of transnational social networks. Furthermore, remittances sent by migrants often contribute significantly to improving education and healthcare outcomes in their home communities, thereby enhancing human capital in the long term. Drawing on recent empirical studies, case analyses from Azerbaijan and other countries, and data from international organizations, this research provides a comprehensive overview of the dual impacts of migration on human capital. The article explores the main determinants affected by migration—such as access to quality education, professional development, health status, and social capital—and discusses current policy measures aimed at maximizing the positive effects of migration, including circular migration programs, skill recognition agreements, and diaspora engagement initiatives.
Gene Therapy: Mechanisms, Clinical Translation, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
Gene therapy has progressed from a speculative concept to a clinically validated therapeutic modality, transforming the management of monogenic disorders, hematologic malignancies, and ocular, neuromuscular, and cardiovascular diseases. Following nearly five decades of preclinical refinement and a turbulent early clinical history marked by serious adverse events, the field has matured into a regulated discipline supported by over 3,900 clinical trials worldwide. This review synthesizes the current state of gene therapy, with emphasis on viral and non-viral delivery platforms—particularly adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors, lentiviral vectors, and ionizable lipid nanoparticles (LNPs)—as well as somatic versus germline and in vivo versus ex vivo classifications. Landmark regulatory approvals, including voretigene neparvovec (Luxturna), onasemnogene abeparvovec (Zolgensma), etranacogene dezaparvovec (Hemgenix), exagamglogene autotemcel (Casgevy), and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies, are critically appraised. Genome-editing innovations—CRISPR-Cas9, base editing, and prime editing—are discussed in the context of expanding therapeutic precision. Persistent challenges encompass immunogenicity, off-target editing, insertional mutagenesis, durability of expression, manufacturing scalability, and equitable access. The review concludes with future perspectives on next-generation vectors, in vivo CAR-T engineering, and global access frameworks essential to realizing the curative promise of genetic medicine.
Pedagogical Ideas and Textbooks of Mirza Sadiq Fani
Mirza Sadiq Fani (1840–?), who lived in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, not only taught the Azerbaijani language in primary classes in Tabriz and Ganja for many years, but also authored valuable textbooks on this subject. His poems entitled “Aghil, Bakht va Dowlat” (“Wisdom, Fortune and State”) and “Hekayati-Amiri-Balkh va Eshqi-Pak” (“The Story of the Emir of Balkh and Pure Love”), preserved in the Institute of Manuscripts named after M. Fuzuli of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, together with selected samples of his poetry, his textbook “Daftari-dovvomi-adabiyya” published in 1893, as well as his manuscript textbooks related to the teaching of the Azerbaijani language, constitute important materials that make it possible to examine his pedagogical activity and educational views. Unfortunately, this topic has not yet been studied comprehensively and systematically. In the article, Mirza Sadiq Fani’s ideas and reflections as a pedagogue are carefully examined; his textbooks are analyzed and evaluated; certain facts related to them are clarified; and some erroneous views are refuted on the basis of well-founded arguments. The study concludes that the textbooks written by Mirza Sadiq Fani for primary classes in the Azerbaijani language possess distinctive positive qualities from both scientific-theoretical and methodological perspectives.
Digital Economy and Human Behavior: Psychological Drivers of Financial Decision-Making
The rapid expansion of the digital economy has significantly transformed financial systems and human decision-making behavior. This study examines the psychological drivers influencing financial decision-making within digital environments, with particular emphasis on the role of cognitive biases, trust mechanisms, risk perception, and behavioral adaptation in the face of artificial intelligence, blockchain technologies, and digital financial platforms. Drawing on a synthesis of behavioral economics theory and recent empirical literature, the paper argues that financial decision-making in digital ecosystems is shaped not only by classical rationality but also by heuristic shortcuts, algorithmic dependency, information overload, and the reconfiguration of trust from interpersonal to technology-mediated forms. Foundational frameworks by Kahneman and Tversky (1979) and Thaler and Sunstein (2008) are integrated with contemporary digital finance research to develop a unified analytical model. The findings suggest that digital ecosystems simultaneously enhance efficiency and introduce new behavioral risks, requiring adaptive psychological responses from both individuals and institutions. The study contributes to the growing literature on behavioral digital economics by bridging classical behavioral finance with the unique demands of the algorithm-driven financial landscape.
Anesthetic Management and Perioperative Risks in the Geriatric Population
The increasing frequency of surgical interventions in the elderly population poses significant challenges in modern anesthesiology, requiring a highly specialized clinical approach. Anesthetic risks in older patients are not merely a function of chronological age but are fundamentally linked to the depletion of physiological reserve and structural involution within vital organ systems. Aging leads to increased vascular rigidity and decreased myocardial compliance, significantly elevating the likelihood of intraoperative hemodynamic instability and myocardial infarction. In the respiratory system, the loss of lung elasticity and weakened protective airway reflexes heighten the risk of postoperative pneumonia and respiratory failure. Perhaps the most concerning complication is related to the central nervous system: postoperative delirium, characterized by acute confusion, affects approximately 15–50% of elderly patients, leading to prolonged hospitalization and increased mortality. Furthermore, age-related declines in hepatic and renal function impair the clearance of anesthetic agents, increasing the risk of drug toxicity and delayed emergence from anesthesia. The prevalence of comorbidities—diabetes, hypertension, and dementia—combined with polypharmacy, complicates the pharmacological profile and increases the potential for dangerous drug interactions. To mitigate these risks, meticulous preoperative assessment is essential, following the “start low, go slow” principle in drug titration. Preference is often given to regional anesthesia over general anesthesia when feasible to preserve cognitive function and reduce systemic stress. Ultimately, successful anesthesia in the elderly is an intricate balance of maintaining fragile homeostasis while managing the multifaceted physiological decline inherent in aging, requiring a multidisciplinary strategy for optimal outcomes.
The Role of Alternative Plants in the Development Cycle of Beekeeping: A Case Study of Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and ProbeePlus Feed Supplement
This study examines the characteristics of the non-traditional lavender plant (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) with high nectar yield and its role in the development cycle of beekeeping. The agroecological characteristics of this plant, its flowering periods, and the mechanisms of its influence on bee productivity were analyzed from a scientific perspective. Studies show that the lavender field has a significant impact on the expansion of the food base of bee colonies, the extension of the nectar collection period, and the improvement of honey quality indicators. During the research period, the effect of applying a complex biologically active feed supplement (ProbeePlus) to the feed supply of Caucasian (Apis mellifera caucasica) honey bee colonies placed in a lavender field was studied in relation to the development dynamics and honey yield of the bees. The ProbeePlus feed supplement was added to the daily food base of the experimental group of bee colonies, and the brood area and honey yield of the colonies were analyzed comparatively using the Liebefeld method. The results demonstrate that the combined use of lavender as a nectar base and ProbeePlus as a biologically active supplement significantly enhances both colony development and honey productivity.
Application Opportunities and Effectiveness Evaluation of Innovative Management Models in Azerbaijan
In today’s rapidly changing business landscape, the adoption of innovative management models has become a crucial factor for organizational success and national economic growth. Azerbaijan, as a dynamically developing country in the South Caucasus, faces increasing demands for modernization and competitiveness in both public and private sectors. The integration of innovative management approaches such as Agile, Lean, Holacracy, and digital transformation strategies is increasingly recognized as essential for fostering adaptability, improving operational efficiency, and enhancing the competitive advantage of Azerbaijani organizations. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the importance, application opportunities, and effectiveness of innovative management models within the context of Azerbaijan’s economic and organizational development. The research examines how local organizations are embracing these models, the main challenges encountered during implementation, and the tangible outcomes achieved through innovation-driven management practices. Drawing on empirical data collected from surveys and interviews with business leaders, managers, and industry experts, the paper explores the current landscape of management innovation in Azerbaijan and identifies key drivers and barriers. Findings reveal that organizations implementing innovative management models demonstrate higher levels of adaptability, employee engagement, and market responsiveness. However, significant obstacles remain, including limited awareness of global best practices, resistance to change, and insufficient digital infrastructure. The study concludes with practical recommendations for policymakers, business leaders, and practitioners to facilitate the wider adoption and successful integration of innovative management models.
Comparative Evaluation of Agricultural Subsidies and Their Macroeconomic Outcomes
Agricultural subsidies have long served as pivotal instruments in shaping national agricultural policies and fostering economic growth. However, their macroeconomic outcomes remain debated across differing national contexts. This study conducts a comparative evaluation of agricultural subsidy programs in selected countries, analyzing their impacts on macroeconomic indicators such as GDP growth, employment, trade balance, and rural development. Utilizing a combination of econometric analysis and case study comparisons, the research reveals complex interactions between subsidy structures and economic outcomes. The findings suggest that while well-targeted subsidies can bolster rural economies and stimulate growth, poorly designed programs may distort markets and yield limited macroeconomic benefits. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for optimizing subsidy frameworks to maximize positive economic impacts.
Business Performance Analysis: A Comprehensive Approach to Performance Evaluation
This article examines the main approaches and indicators used in the comprehensive evaluation of business performance. The study analyses key financial indicators—including profitability, return on investment, liquidity, and turnover ratios—alongside non-financial factors such as customer satisfaction, employee productivity, innovation level, and market share. The article considers the role of internal resources and external environmental factors in shaping business activity outcomes. Practical analytical instruments including SWOT analysis, KPI systems, and strategic planning tools are discussed with reference to their application in enterprise management. The study traces business development through the stages of the product life cycle—market entry, growth, maturity, and decline—demonstrating how performance assessment criteria and appropriate evaluation methods evolve at each stage. The article emphasises the importance of rational resource allocation, effective risk management, and the adoption of innovative approaches as prerequisites for sustainable enterprise development and long-term competitiveness. The findings indicate that a comprehensive, multi-criteria approach to performance evaluation—one that integrates financial, economic, and strategic dimensions—provides the most reliable basis for managerial decision-making and stable business development.
Digital Transformation of the TRIPP Route: Building Smart Logistics Ecosystems in the Zangezur Corridor
The emergence of digital technologies has significantly transformed global logistics systems, particularly within strategic transit corridors. This study explores the digital transformation of the TRIPP (Trans-Regional Intelligent Physical Platform) route, focusing on the development of smart logistics ecosystems in the Zangezur Corridor. By integrating blockchain, artificial intelligence, and Industry 4.0 technologies, the research examines how digital infrastructure enhances efficiency, transparency, and sustainability in transit operations. The study employs a qualitative analytical approach based on recent academic literature to identify the key technological and economic drivers shaping modern logistics networks. The findings reveal that digital transformation not only improves operational performance but also redefines regional economic integration and geoeconomic dynamics. The paper contributes to the literature by proposing a conceptual framework for smart logistics ecosystems in emerging transit corridors.
Impact of Play-Based Learning on School Readiness and Physical Activity among Preschool Children in Oyo West Local Government Area, Nigeria
This study investigated the effects of play-based learning on school readiness and physical activity among preschool children in Oyo West Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria. The research examined how developmentally appropriate teaching methods can be effective in preparing children for formal schooling. A convergent parallel mixed-methods design was employed, incorporating a quasi-experimental component alongside qualitative classroom observations and teacher interviews. The sample comprised 200 preschool children aged 4–5 years and 20 teachers drawn from public and private Early Childhood Care, Development, and Education (ECCDE) centres, selected through multistage sampling. Data collection instruments included the Play-Based Learning Observation Checklist (PBLOC), the School Readiness Assessment Scale (SRAS), and a semi-structured interview guide. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, linear regression, Pearson Product Moment Correlation, and independent-sample t-tests; qualitative data were subjected to thematic analysis. Findings indicated that play-based learning was a significant predictor of school readiness (β = .47, t = 7.39, p < .001), explaining 46.5% of the variance (R² = .465). Although play-based learning and physical activity showed a positive association, the relationship was not statistically significant (r = .131, p = .065). Children exposed to play-based learning demonstrated significantly higher school readiness scores than those taught through traditional methods (t = 3.857, p < .05). The study concludes that play-based learning is an effective instructional approach for preparing preschool children for formal schooling and recommends expanded access to play materials and improved teacher training.