Porta Universorum
type: channel
description: Porta Universorum ( ISSN 3030-2234) is a peer-reviewed, multidisciplinary publication committed to promoting research in the natural sciences. Guided by a global editorial staff of prominent academics, it promotes stringent standards, open collaboration, and the unrestricted flow of knowledge, serving as a conduit for creative discoveries and interdisciplinary discourse.
publisher: Gerda Urbaite
language: en
publication name: Porta Universorum
issn: 3030-2234
copyright: Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms: Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which allows others to share, adapt, and build upon the work for any purpose, provided appropriate credit is given to the original author(s) and source. Authors are permitted to enter into separate agreements for non-exclusive distribution of the published version (e.g., post to a repository or publish in a book), with acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
items: Marketing Analysis and Consumer Characteristics of Antihypertensive Drugs in the Azerbaijani Pharmaceutical Market
items: Different Types of Preliminary Investigation and the Rules for Conducting It
items: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Thyroid Disorders: Pathological Evaluation, Modern Surgery, and Long-Term Patient Outcomes
items: Where Language Meets Emotion: Pathways to Effective Communication in a Globalized World
items: Extrema of Multivariable Functions: Local, Global, and Constrained Optimization
items: Human Dignity, Society, and Social Values: The Philosophical Foundations of Social Work
items: Artificial Intelligence in International Trade Logistics: Opportunities and Risks
items: When Machines Translate: Artificial Intelligence, Human Judgment, and the Future of Translation
items: Transit and Logistics Potential of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic: Strategic Development Prospects in the Context of Regional Connectivity
items: Terminology as a Translation Challenge: Navigating Sociopolitical Texts across Languages
items: Climate Risks: The Impacts of Climate Change on Tourism Activities
items: Azerbaijani-Georgian Literary Relations in the Scientific Creativity of Academician Madad Chobanov
items: Strategic Importance of Teacher Professionalism and Employee Training in the Transportation Field
items: Sustainable Transport Systems and the Fight against Climate Change
items: Support Mechanisms of the Financial Sector in the Context of Energy Transformation
items: Urban Ecology and Biodiversity: Patterns, Mechanisms, and the Role of Green Infrastructure in Sustaining Ecosystem Services
items: Assessing the Effectiveness of Training: Skills and Knowledge Evaluation
items: Mobile Applications in Foreign Language Education: A Review of Web 2.0 Tools and MALL Technologies
items: Digitalization and the Expansion of Intangible Production in Emerging Markets
items: Migration Processes and the Determinants of Human Capital
items: Gene Therapy: Mechanisms, Clinical Translation, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
items: Pedagogical Ideas and Textbooks of Mirza Sadiq Fani
items: Digital Economy and Human Behavior: Psychological Drivers of Financial Decision-Making
items: Anesthetic Management and Perioperative Risks in the Geriatric Population
items: The Role of Alternative Plants in the Development Cycle of Beekeeping: A Case Study of Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and ProbeePlus Feed Supplement
items: Application Opportunities and Effectiveness Evaluation of Innovative Management Models in Azerbaijan
items: Comparative Evaluation of Agricultural Subsidies and Their Macroeconomic Outcomes
items: Business Performance Analysis: A Comprehensive Approach to Performance Evaluation
items: Digital Transformation of the TRIPP Route: Building Smart Logistics Ecosystems in the Zangezur Corridor
items: Impact of Play-Based Learning on School Readiness and Physical Activity among Preschool Children in Oyo West Local Government Area, Nigeria

Marketing Analysis and Consumer Characteristics of Antihypertensive Drugs in the Azerbaijani Pharmaceutical Market
type: item
description: The marketing characteristics and consumer behavior of antihypertensive drugs in the Azerbaijani pharmaceutical market were comprehensively analyzed. The study employed the content-analysis method, surveys conducted among physicians and end-users, and official statistical sources, including the state drug registry, the price lists of the Tariff Council, and data from the Analytical Expertise Center. The results indicate that preparations belonging to anatomical-therapeutic-chemical groups C03, C07, C08, and C09 dominate the market, with drugs acting on the renin-angiotensin system and their combinations occupying the leading position. Analysis of both physician and patient behavior revealed that therapeutic effectiveness and price are the principal criteria in drug selection. At the same time, poor treatment adherence, limited drug availability, and price level were identified as the key challenges in the management of arterial hypertension. The consumer-profile analysis demonstrates that the “effect–cost” balance plays a decisive role in the decision-making process, and that socio-economic factors significantly influence consumer behavior. The findings have practical implications for pharmaceutical companies, healthcare providers, and policymakers seeking to improve the accessibility, affordability, and rational use of antihypertensive therapy in Azerbaijan.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Antihypertensive drugs
  topic: keywords
subject: consumer behavior
  topic: keywords
subject: arterial hypertension
  topic: keywords
subject: pharmaceutical marketing
  topic: keywords
subject: effectiveness
  topic: keywords
subject: price–quality ratio
  topic: keywords
subject: treatment adherence
  topic: keywords
subject: pharmaceutical market
  topic: keywords
subject: socio-economic factors
  topic: keywords
subject: consumer profile
  topic: keywords
creator: Tevekkul Khalili
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-19
publication date: 2026-06-19
starting page: 61
ending page: 70
doi: 10.69760/portuni.26060009

Different Types of Preliminary Investigation and the Rules for Conducting It
type: item
description: This study examines the concept, forms, and procedural significance of preliminary investigation within criminal proceedings, with particular attention to its role in the pre-trial stage. Preliminary investigation is defined as a mandatory stage of criminal procedure conducted in the form of inquiry and preliminary investigation, aimed at establishing a sufficient evidentiary basis for the resolution of a criminal case in court. Its primary purpose is to identify and verify circumstances subject to proof, ensure proper qualification of the criminal act, and prepare procedural materials for judicial review. The research highlights that preliminary investigation functions as an independent procedural stage characterized by a defined legal framework, specific commencement and termination points, and final procedural decisions such as indictments or final protocols. It is carried out by authorized state bodies, including inquiry officers, investigators, and prosecutors exercising procedural supervision. The process is strictly regulated by criminal procedural legislation, ensuring legality, protection of participants’ rights, and adherence to procedural guarantees. Furthermore, the study distinguishes between different forms of inquiry, including urgent investigative actions and simplified pre-trial proceedings, emphasizing their distinct legal nature and procedural consequences. It concludes that preliminary investigation serves as a foundational stage of criminal justice, ensuring both the protection of victims’ rights and the safeguarding of individuals against unlawful prosecution.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Preliminary investigation
  topic: keywords
subject: inquiry
  topic: keywords
subject: criminal procedure
  topic: keywords
subject: pre-trial proceedings
  topic: keywords
subject: ccused person
  topic: keywords
subject: suspect
  topic: keywords
subject: victim
  topic: keywords
subject: procedural guarantees
  topic: keywords
subject: presumption of innocence
  topic: keywords
creator: Tofig Huseynov
creator: Nurlan Ismayilov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-16
publication date: 2026-06-16
starting page: 54
ending page: 60
doi: 10.69760/portuni.26060008

A Multidisciplinary Approach to Thyroid Disorders: Pathological Evaluation, Modern Surgery, and Long-Term Patient Outcomes
type: item
description: Thyroid disorders represent the second most common group of endocrine diseases after diabetes mellitus, affecting an estimated 5–10 percent of the global population, with a pronounced female predominance. The contemporary management of thyroid disease has evolved into a fundamentally multidisciplinary enterprise, requiring the coordinated expertise of endocrinologists, radiologists, pathologists, and surgeons to achieve optimal diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic outcomes. This review synthesizes current knowledge across three interconnected domains: the pathological evaluation of thyroid lesions, including cytological assessment via fine-needle aspiration and the increasing role of molecular profiling; modern surgical techniques and their principal complications, including hypoparathyroidism and recurrent laryngeal nerve injury; and long-term patient outcomes encompassing oncological survival, endocrine function, and quality of life. Drawing on recent large-scale studies and international management guidelines, the review demonstrates that diagnostic precision, appropriate patient selection, surgeon experience, and structured long-term follow-up are the principal determinants of favorable outcomes. The article emphasizes that the integration of pathological, surgical, and endocrinological perspectives within a multidisciplinary framework is essential for minimizing complications, individualizing treatment, and improving the overall well-being of patients with thyroid disorders. It concludes by identifying emerging directions, including molecular diagnostics, minimally invasive and thermal ablation techniques, and patient-centered outcome assessment.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Thyroid disorders
  topic: keywords
subject: thyroidectomy
  topic: keywords
subject: thyroid pathology
  topic: keywords
subject: fine-needle aspiration
  topic: keywords
subject: molecular diagnostics
  topic: keywords
subject: recurrent laryngeal nerve injury
  topic: keywords
subject: hypoparathyroidism
  topic: keywords
subject: quality of life
  topic: keywords
subject: multidisciplinary management
  topic: keywords
subject: thyroid cancer
  topic: keywords
creator: Gunel Humbatova
creator: Oguzhan Ural
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-09
publication date: 2026-06-09
starting page: 47
ending page: 53
doi: 10.69760/portuni.26060007

Where Language Meets Emotion: Pathways to Effective Communication in a Globalized World
type: item
description: In an era defined by accelerating globalization and the proliferation of digital communication platforms, the ability to communicate effectively has become both more accessible and more complex. Language provides the rational structure through which information is organized and transmitted, while emotion determines how that information is received, interpreted, and retained. This article argues that effective communication depends not on language alone but on the dynamic integration of linguistic precision and emotional intelligence. Drawing on established theories of emotional intelligence, intercultural communication, and digital semiotics, the study examines five interconnected dimensions of the language–emotion nexus: the theoretical foundations of their interaction, the specific challenges posed by digital environments, the demands of collaboration in multicultural workplaces, the integration of emotional and linguistic competencies in education, and the practical strategies that enable individuals and organizations to communicate across linguistic, cultural, and emotional boundaries. The article further highlights how language barriers, far from being purely technical obstacles, are deeply intertwined with questions of social inclusion, power, and identity. It concludes that overcoming these barriers requires not only technological solutions but a sustained commitment to empathy, cultural literacy, and the education of emotionally intelligent communicators.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Effective communication
  topic: keywords
subject: emotional intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: language and emotion
  topic: keywords
subject: intercultural communication
  topic: keywords
subject: digital communication
  topic: keywords
subject: empathy
  topic: keywords
subject: linguistic competence
  topic: keywords
subject: multicultural workplaces
  topic: keywords
creator: Xadija Camalova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-04
publication date: 2026-06-04
starting page: 39
ending page: 46
doi: 10.69760/portuni.26060006

Extrema of Multivariable Functions: Local, Global, and Constrained Optimization
type: item
description: This article presents a rigorous and comprehensive exposition of the theory of extrema for multivariable functions, covering the foundational definitions, necessary and sufficient conditions for local extrema, the distinction between local and global (absolute) extrema on closed bounded domains, and the method of Lagrange multipliers for constrained optimization. Beginning from precise definitions of maxima and minima of two-variable functions, the article develops the second-order sufficient conditions via the discriminant of the Hessian matrix, extends these conditions to three-variable functions using principal minors, and establishes the procedure for finding global extrema on closed domains. The theory of constrained extrema is developed through the construction of the Lagrange function, the formulation of necessary conditions as a stationary system, and the application of the bordered Hessian determinant as a sufficient condition. All theoretical results are illustrated with explicit worked examples, including the determination of the global extremum of z = x² + y² on a rectangular domain and the constrained extremum of z = xy subject to the linear constraint 2x + 3y = 5. The article aims to provide students and researchers in mathematics and its applications with a clear, self-contained reference for the theory and practice of multivariable optimization.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Multivariable functions
  topic: keywords
subject: extrema
  topic: keywords
subject: local maximum
  topic: keywords
subject: local minimum
  topic: keywords
subject: global extremum
  topic: keywords
subject: critical points
  topic: keywords
subject: Hessian matrix
  topic: keywords
subject: Lagrange multipliers
  topic: keywords
subject: constrained optimization
  topic: keywords
subject: second-order conditions
  topic: keywords
creator: Nubar Qocayeva
creator: Merdan Quliyev
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-03
publication date: 2026-06-03
starting page: 32
ending page: 38
doi: 10.69760/portuni.26060005

Human Dignity, Society, and Social Values: The Philosophical Foundations of Social Work
type: item
description: This article examines the philosophical dimensions of social work through the interconnected lenses of the human person, society, and social values. Social work is evaluated not merely as a professional activity directed at solving social problems, but as a humanistic social institution that safeguards the well-being, dignity, and social integration of individuals. The study analyses the ontological and axiological foundations of social work, the characteristics of the human being as a social entity, the relationship between individuals and society, and the role of social work in preserving and developing social values. Particular attention is given to the principles of humanism, social responsibility, social justice, and solidarity as core orientations of social work practice. The article further discusses the transformation of social values under conditions of globalization and its influence on the content and direction of contemporary social work. The study concludes that social work constitutes a vital sphere of activity that sustains social equilibrium between the individual and society, advances the humanization of social relations, and contributes to the development of moral values across communities and generations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Social work
  topic: keywords
subject: human dignity
  topic: keywords
subject: society
  topic: keywords
subject: social values
  topic: keywords
subject: humanism
  topic: keywords
subject: social responsibility
  topic: keywords
subject: solidarity
  topic: keywords
subject: axiology
  topic: keywords
subject: social integration
  topic: keywords
creator: Aygun Vali Alakbar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-01
publication date: 2026-06-01
starting page: 26
ending page: 31
doi: 10.69760/portuni.26060004

Artificial Intelligence in International Trade Logistics: Opportunities and Risks
type: item
description: This study examines the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in international trade logistics, focusing on its opportunities and associated risks. The research highlights how AI-driven systems are transforming global supply chain management through automation, predictive analytics, and decision-support systems. At the same time, it explores potential challenges such as cybersecurity risks, labor displacement, and technological inequality. Using a qualitative analytical approach based on secondary data, the study demonstrates that AI significantly enhances efficiency, transparency, and sustainability in international logistics systems. However, effective governance and regulatory frameworks are required to mitigate emerging risks and ensure balanced development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: international trade logistics
  topic: keywords
subject: supply chain management
  topic: keywords
subject: digital transformation
  topic: keywords
subject: blockchain
  topic: keywords
subject: Industry 4.0
  topic: keywords
subject: risk management
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainability
  topic: keywords
creator: Mukhtar Mammadov
creator: Sevgi Alizada
creator: Akbar Ibrahimov
creator: Nurid Mammadov
creator: Xeyranse Mammadova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-01
publication date: 2026-06-01
starting page: 20
ending page: 25
doi: 10.69760/portuni.26060003

When Machines Translate: Artificial Intelligence, Human Judgment, and the Future of Translation
type: item
description: The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence has profoundly reshaped the landscape of translation, shifting it from a craft practiced exclusively by human specialists to a hybrid domain where neural machine translation systems, large language models, and AI-assisted tools play increasingly central roles. This article critically examines the capabilities and limitations of contemporary AI translation systems, with particular attention to the Transformer architecture, neural machine translation, and large language models. It argues that while AI has achieved remarkable fluency at the level of sentence-level grammar and lexical accuracy, it continues to fall short in areas requiring cultural sensitivity, pragmatic awareness, and contextual judgment — precisely the domains where human translators remain indispensable. Drawing on research in translation studies, computational linguistics, cognitive science, and language education, the article develops a framework for understanding the complementary relationship between human and machine translation. It proposes a model of ‘cognitive partnership’ in which AI tools augment rather than replace human translators, and discusses the implications of this model for translator training, professional ethics, and the future of the translation industry. The article also addresses the emotional and cultural dimensions of language that resist algorithmic capture, and reflects on what the rise of AI translation reveals about the nature of human language itself.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: machine translation
  topic: keywords
subject: neural machine translation
  topic: keywords
subject: large language models
  topic: keywords
subject: human–machine collaboration
  topic: keywords
subject: translation studies
  topic: keywords
subject: cognitive partnership
  topic: keywords
subject: cultural competence
  topic: keywords
subject: translator training
  topic: keywords
creator: Hasan Alisoy
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-01
publication date: 2026-06-01
starting page: 13
ending page: 19
doi: 10.69760/portuni.26060002

Transit and Logistics Potential of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic: Strategic Development Prospects in the Context of Regional Connectivity
type: item
description: The Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic possesses significant transit and logistics potential due to its strategic geographical location at the intersection of regional transportation routes connecting the South Caucasus, Türkiye, and Central Asia. Recent geopolitical and economic transformations in Eurasia, particularly the emergence of the Zangezur Corridor and the increasing importance of the Middle Corridor, have strengthened the region’s role in international freight transportation and multimodal logistics systems. This study examines the current state of Nakhchivan’s transport infrastructure, cross-border trade opportunities, and logistics capabilities while evaluating future development perspectives within regional integration processes. The research also analyzes the impact of digital transformation, smart logistics ecosystems, and modern customs technologies on the efficiency of transit operations. Particular attention is devoted to transport diversification, infrastructure modernization, and the enhancement of regional connectivity through railway and highway projects. The article employs comparative analysis, statistical evaluation, and theoretical approaches based on regional economic development concepts. The findings indicate that Nakhchivan has the potential to become an important logistics hub in the South Caucasus by strengthening trade flows, improving transit efficiency, and integrating into international transport corridors. Furthermore, sustainable investments, institutional reforms, and digital logistics solutions are identified as essential factors for long-term competitiveness and economic resilience in the region.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
  topic: keywords
subject: transit corridors
  topic: keywords
subject: logistics infrastructure
  topic: keywords
subject: Zangezur Corridor
  topic: keywords
subject: Middle Corridor
  topic: keywords
subject: regional connectivity
  topic: keywords
subject: smart logistics
  topic: keywords
subject: multimodal transportation
  topic: keywords
subject: digital transformation
  topic: keywords
subject: trade integration
  topic: keywords
creator: Sadaqat Ahmedova
creator: Akbar Ibrahimov
creator: Mukhtar Mammadov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-01
publication date: 2026-06-01
starting page: 5
ending page: 12
doi: 10.69760/portuni.26060001

Terminology as a Translation Challenge: Navigating Sociopolitical Texts across Languages
type: item
description: Translating sociopolitical texts is widely considered one of the most demanding tasks in the field of translation studies. These texts deal with topics such as government, law, international relations, elections, and social movements, and they contain a large number of specialized terms that carry very precise meanings. When a translator fails to handle these terms correctly, the result can be a serious misunderstanding of the original message. This article explores the main challenges that translators face when working with terminology in sociopolitical texts, and suggests practical strategies for overcoming them. The study argues that terminology in this text type is not simply a matter of finding the right word — it is deeply connected to culture, ideology, and historical context. The article also discusses the growing role of technology in supporting terminological decisions, while noting that human judgment remains essential. Drawing on established translation theories and recent research in linguistics and language education, the article proposes a balanced approach that combines terminological accuracy with cultural sensitivity and communicative effectiveness.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sociopolitical translation
  topic: keywords
subject: terminology
  topic: keywords
subject: equivalence
  topic: keywords
subject: cultural context
  topic: keywords
subject: translation strategies
  topic: keywords
subject: language and ideology
  topic: keywords
subject: political discourse
  topic: keywords
creator: Sevinc Aliyeva
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-25
publication date: 2026-05-25
starting page: 122
ending page: 128
doi: 10.69760/portuni.26050018

Climate Risks: The Impacts of Climate Change on Tourism Activities
type: item
description: Climate change poses systemic risks to socio-economic systems, infrastructure, ecosystems, and human health on a global scale. The increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events have made it necessary to reassess emergency preparedness systems. This article examines the nature of climate risks, the concept of emergency preparedness, mechanisms for risk reduction and adaptation, the resilience of healthcare and governance systems, as well as the impacts of climate change on tourism. It also analyzes the economic, environmental, and social effects of tourism activities on the climate. Furthermore, sustainable tourism approaches and adaptation strategies are explored, and international frameworks are reviewed. The main objective of the study is to substantiate a comprehensive, multi-level emergency preparedness model against climate risks from both theoretical and practical perspectives, and to investigate sustainable tourism approaches and adaptation strategies. The study is based on a systematic literature review and a comparative analysis method. Climate change is one of the major challenges affecting various sectors of the global economy in the modern era. The tourism sector acts both as a contributor to climate change and as a field directly impacted by it. The article analyzes the effects of climate change on tourism activities, as well as the economic, environmental, and social impacts of tourism on the climate, while also examining sustainable tourism approaches and adaptation strategies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Climate change
  topic: keywords
subject: climate risks
  topic: keywords
subject: emergencies
  topic: keywords
subject: tourism
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainable development
  topic: keywords
subject: ecotourism
  topic: keywords
subject: early warning systems
  topic: keywords
subject: adaptation strategies
  topic: keywords
creator: Ilham Mammadov
creator: Sima Mahmudova
creator: Shafa Aliyeva
creator: Pari Namazzade
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-21
publication date: 2026-05-21
starting page: 116
ending page: 121
doi: 10.69760/portuni.26050017

Azerbaijani-Georgian Literary Relations in the Scientific Creativity of Academician Madad Chobanov
type: item
description: The article examines Azerbaijani-Georgian literary relations. It is noted that since the beginning of the last century, Azerbaijani and Georgian literary relations have always developed in parallel in the field of artistic thought, especially poetry and prose, as well as in the field of science, and that in the second half of the twentieth century, the academic research and dissemination of Azerbaijani-Georgian literary relations entered a new stage. However, these relations were formed not by inertia, but by the creative relations of individual personalities. Just as personalities shaped the literary environment, personalities also shaped and developed literary relations. Thanks to the great contributions of S. Vurgun, K. Kaladze, G. Leonidze, I. Habibeyli, E. Javelidze, L. Eradze, D. Aliyeva, and others, the Azerbaijani-Georgian friendship, which experienced its best period in terms of both scientific and artistic translation and literary relations, was continued in a new context by Academician Madad Chobanov (1937–2023) in the second half of the last century. This scientific, literary, and artistic tandem entered a new stage of its development in Azerbaijani and Georgian literary studies. These friendly relations constituted a new stage in the fields of linguistics, literary studies, poetry, literary translation, and literary relations. The special place occupied by the theme of Azerbaijani-Georgian friendship in Chobanov’s work not only revealed the literary, cultural, and spiritual heritage of both peoples, but also accelerated the multifaceted nature of literary and cultural relations and brought this ancient friendship to a new level.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Azerbaijani-Georgian
  topic: keywords
subject: literature
  topic: keywords
subject: literary translation
  topic: keywords
subject: literary relations
  topic: keywords
subject: friendship
  topic: keywords
subject: Madad Chobanov
  topic: keywords
creator: Mushfig Borchali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-18
publication date: 2026-05-18
starting page: 109
ending page: 115
doi: 10.69760/portuni.26050016

Strategic Importance of Teacher Professionalism and Employee Training in the Transportation Field
type: item
description: The article comprehensively analyzes the strategic role of the transport sector in the global economy in modern times, the importance of personnel training, and teacher professionalism in this field. It is noted that the effectiveness of transport systems is determined not only by the technical infrastructure, but also by the level of knowledge and skills of human resources. The uninterrupted operation of logistics chains, the safe organization of passenger transportation, and the development of international trade directly depend on the efficiency of transport systems. It is emphasized that the modern transport sector is developing with the application of digitalization, automation, and artificial intelligence technologies, and it is shown that these changes require new approaches to personnel training. The training of highly qualified personnel makes a significant contribution to increasing transport safety, optimizing logistics costs, and implementing innovative solutions. At the same time, it is noted that teacher professionalism directly affects the quality of the educational process, and their continuous development is necessary. The article substantiates the importance of personnel training based on the principle of lifelong learning rather than being limited to higher education institutions. The article also analyzes existing problems including the lack of full compliance of educational programs with modern requirements, limited practical opportunities, weak technical base, and lack of development opportunities for teachers. Strengthening cooperation between the state, universities, and industry is considered necessary to solve these problems. Ultimately, increasing teacher professionalism and establishing a modern personnel training system are identified as one of the main conditions for the sustainable development of the transport sector, increasing economic competitiveness, and international integration.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Transport sector
  topic: keywords
subject: personnel training
  topic: keywords
subject: teacher professionalism
  topic: keywords
subject: logistics
  topic: keywords
subject: intelligent transport systems
  topic: keywords
subject: practical training
  topic: keywords
subject: professional skills
  topic: keywords
creator: Hamil Babazada
creator: Tunzala Alifova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-14
publication date: 2026-05-14
starting page: 104
ending page: 108
doi: 10.69760/portuni.26050015

Sustainable Transport Systems and the Fight against Climate Change
type: item
description: Climate change is one of the most serious global problems faced by countries around the world in modern times, and the transport sector is considered one of the main influential areas in this process. As a result of automobile, air, sea, and rail transport, large amounts of carbon dioxide and other harmful substances are released into the atmosphere, which leads to global warming, air pollution, and disruption of the ecological balance. Therefore, the development of sustainable transport systems is of great importance. Sustainable transport is a transport model that ensures economic development, causes minimal damage to the environment, and is accessible to society. These systems include the expansion of public transport, the introduction of electric vehicles, the creation of bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure, the use of smart transport technologies, and the application of alternative energy sources. Important steps are being taken in Azerbaijan to modernize the transport system. The expansion of metro lines in Baku, the use of electric buses, the construction of bicycle lanes, and the implementation of smart city projects create important prospects in this area. Sustainable transport systems serve to reduce air pollution, increase energy efficiency, enhance urban mobility, and improve the quality of life of people. Consequently, the development of environmentally friendly and innovative transportation models will make a significant contribution to the formation of a healthier, safer, and more livable society in the future.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Climate change
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainable transport
  topic: keywords
subject: carbon emissions
  topic: keywords
subject: eco-friendly technologies
  topic: keywords
subject: urban mobility
  topic: keywords
creator: Tunzala Alifova
creator: Jeyhuna Allahverdiyeva
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-14
publication date: 2026-05-14
starting page: 98
ending page: 103
doi: 10.69760/portuni.26050014

Support Mechanisms of the Financial Sector in the Context of Energy Transformation
type: item
description: The article comprehensively analyzes the role of the financial sector and the support mechanisms it provides against the backdrop of accelerating energy transformation. Global climate change, commitments to reduce carbon emissions, and sustainable development priorities have led to fundamental changes in the structure of energy systems, necessitating new approaches to the allocation of financial resources. The main objective of the study is to identify financing instruments for green energy projects, risk-sharing mechanisms, and the institutional role of financial institutions in this process. The findings reveal that strengthening financial cooperation between the public and private sectors, as well as the application of innovative financial instruments such as green bonds, sustainable loans, and investment funds, are of particular importance for the effective implementation of energy transformation. At the same time, increasing transparency in financial markets, improving methodologies for assessing environmental risks, and adopting incentive-based regulatory policies emerge as key factors enhancing the attractiveness of green investments. The article also examines existing challenges in financing the energy transition, including long-term capital shortages, technological uncertainties, and institutional constraints, and proposes conceptual approaches to address them. Ultimately, the strategic orientation of the financial sector is assessed as a decisive factor in accelerating energy transformation and is substantiated as playing a significant role in ensuring sustainable economic development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Energy transformation
  topic: keywords
subject: green finance
  topic: keywords
subject: renewable energy
  topic: keywords
subject: financing mechanisms
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainable development
  topic: keywords
subject: financial sector
  topic: keywords
subject: green bonds
  topic: keywords
subject: public–private partnerships
  topic: keywords
creator: Malik Alilli
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-13
publication date: 2026-05-13
starting page: 92
ending page: 97
doi: 10.69760/portuni.26050013

Urban Ecology and Biodiversity: Patterns, Mechanisms, and the Role of Green Infrastructure in Sustaining Ecosystem Services
type: item
description: Rapid global urbanization has emerged as one of the most consequential drivers of biodiversity loss and ecosystem transformation in the twenty-first century. By 2050, it is projected that approximately 68 percent of the world’s population will reside in urban areas, intensifying pressures on native species, habitat connectivity, and the provisioning of critical ecosystem services. This review synthesizes the current state of knowledge on urban ecology, with a particular focus on the mechanisms by which urbanization shapes biodiversity, the functional role of green infrastructure in mitigating habitat fragmentation, and the capacity of urban ecosystems to sustain provisioning, regulating, and cultural ecosystem services. Drawing on an extensive body of literature from both Web of Science- and Scopus-indexed sources, the article examines the urban-to-rural biodiversity gradient, the homogenization of urban biota, and the differential responses of taxonomic groups to urban environmental filters. The review argues that green infrastructure—encompassing parks, green roofs, street trees, riparian corridors, and urban wetlands—can substantially offset biodiversity losses and maintain critical services including urban heat island mitigation, stormwater management, carbon sequestration, and psychological well-being. The article concludes with an integrated framework for evidence-based urban ecological planning and identifies key knowledge gaps requiring further empirical investigation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Urban ecology
  topic: keywords
subject: biodiversity
  topic: keywords
subject: green infrastructure
  topic: keywords
subject: ecosystem services
  topic: keywords
subject: urbanization
  topic: keywords
subject: habitat fragmentation
  topic: keywords
subject: biotic homogenization
  topic: keywords
subject: urban heat island
  topic: keywords
subject: landscape ecology
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainable urban planning
  topic: keywords
creator: Tofiq Aliyev
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-13
publication date: 2026-05-13
starting page: 83
ending page: 91
doi: 10.69760/portuni.26050012

Assessing the Effectiveness of Training: Skills and Knowledge Evaluation
type: item
description: The effectiveness of training programs stands as a critical factor in both employee development and overall organizational success. As organizations increasingly invest in various forms of training to upskill their workforce, the need for robust assessment mechanisms to measure the actual outcomes of these initiatives becomes more apparent. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of training by focusing on the systematic assessment of skills and knowledge acquired by employees following their participation in training programs. Through a mixed-methods approach, the research integrates quantitative data from standardized pre- and post-training assessments with qualitative insights obtained from participant interviews and feedback forms. The sample consists of employees from several local and international organizations, providing a broad perspective on training outcomes. The findings reveal that organizations employing multi-level evaluation frameworks, such as the Kirkpatrick Model, demonstrate a clearer alignment between training objectives and organizational goals. Quantitative results show statistically significant improvements in both knowledge and skills post-training, while qualitative feedback indicates enhanced motivation, confidence, and job satisfaction among participants. However, the study also identifies persistent barriers to effective evaluation, including limited resources, lack of expertise, and resistance to change within organizations. The research highlights the necessity for continuous improvement in training design and assessment processes to ensure sustained employee development and optimal organizational performance. Recommendations are offered for implementing comprehensive evaluation strategies, emphasizing the integration of both quantitative and qualitative assessment tools. Overall, this study underscores the value of rigorous training evaluation in maximizing return on investment and achieving long-term benefits for both employees…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Training effectiveness
  topic: keywords
subject: skills evaluation
  topic: keywords
subject: knowledge assessment
  topic: keywords
subject: organizational development
  topic: keywords
subject: employee performance
  topic: keywords
subject: training impact
  topic: keywords
subject: Kirkpatrick Model
  topic: keywords
creator: Sadiq Ismayilov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-09
publication date: 2026-05-09
starting page: 77
ending page: 82
doi: 10.69760/portuni.26050011

Mobile Applications in Foreign Language Education: A Review of Web 2.0 Tools and MALL Technologies
type: item
description: Mobile-Assisted Language Learning (MALL) has emerged as a significant innovation in foreign language education, enabling learners to access multimedia content anytime and anywhere through smartphones and tablets. This article examines various mobile and Web 2.0 applications that support language teaching and learning, including animation tools, quiz platforms, augmented reality applications, digital boards, storytelling tools, document management systems, and classroom management platforms. Applications such as Powtoon, Kahoot!, Plickers, Quizizz, HP Reveal, Padlet, Storybird, CamScanner, and ClassDojo are analyzed in terms of their pedagogical contributions. These tools enhance student motivation, encourage collaboration, provide instant feedback, and support the development of listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills. Drawing on recent studies, including research by Ismayilli and Nuri (2025) and Ismayilli (2024) on mobile language education, the article highlights how mobile technologies foster interactive, student-centered, and constructivist learning environments. It concludes that the effective integration of mobile applications into language education increases engagement, improves learning outcomes, and supports flexible and lifelong learning opportunities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mobile-Assisted Language Learning (MALL)
  topic: keywords
subject: ICT in education
  topic: keywords
subject: Web 2.0 tools
  topic: keywords
subject: foreign language teaching
  topic: keywords
subject: digital learning
  topic: keywords
subject: gamification
  topic: keywords
subject: constructivist learning
  topic: keywords
creator: Nail Novruzov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-06
publication date: 2026-05-06
starting page: 71
ending page: 76
doi: 10.69760/portuni.26050010

Digitalization and the Expansion of Intangible Production in Emerging Markets
type: item
description: The rapid digitalization of economies across the globe has catalyzed a profound shift in the structure and dynamics of production, particularly within emerging markets. Intangible production—encompassing services, intellectual property, digital content, and knowledge-based activities—is now a primary driver of value creation and economic growth. This article examines the relationship between digitalization and the expansion of intangible production in emerging markets, exploring key opportunities, challenges, and future directions. The research underscores the strategic importance of digital infrastructure, human capital, and supportive policies in fostering a thriving intangible sector. It also highlights persistent barriers such as digital divides, institutional gaps, and skills mismatches. The article concludes by offering policy recommendations for harnessing digitalization as a lever for sustainable, inclusive development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digitalization
  topic: keywords
subject: intangible production
  topic: keywords
subject: emerging markets
  topic: keywords
subject: intellectual property
  topic: keywords
subject: digital infrastructure
  topic: keywords
subject: knowledge economy
  topic: keywords
subject: brain gain
  topic: keywords
subject: digital divide
  topic: keywords
creator: Firudin Abdullayev
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-06
publication date: 2026-05-06
starting page: 64
ending page: 70
doi: 10.69760/portuni.26050009

Migration Processes and the Determinants of Human Capital
type: item
description: This article examines the complex and multifaceted relationship between migration processes and the determinants of human capital, focusing on both internal and international migration flows and their effects on societies of origin and destination. Human capital, broadly defined as the aggregate of individuals’ education, skills, health, and competencies, plays a fundamental role in driving economic growth, innovation, and sustainable development. Migration has become an increasingly important factor in shaping the formation, distribution, and utilization of human capital at local, national, and global levels. While the emigration of skilled individuals can create challenges such as brain drain and talent shortages in sending countries, migration also presents substantial opportunities, including the transfer of knowledge and technology, acquisition of new skills, exposure to innovative practices, and the development of transnational social networks. Furthermore, remittances sent by migrants often contribute significantly to improving education and healthcare outcomes in their home communities, thereby enhancing human capital in the long term. Drawing on recent empirical studies, case analyses from Azerbaijan and other countries, and data from international organizations, this research provides a comprehensive overview of the dual impacts of migration on human capital. The article explores the main determinants affected by migration—such as access to quality education, professional development, health status, and social capital—and discusses current policy measures aimed at maximizing the positive effects of migration, including circular migration programs, skill recognition agreements, and diaspora engagement initiatives.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Human capital
  topic: keywords
subject: migration
  topic: keywords
subject: brain drain
  topic: keywords
subject: skill transfer
  topic: keywords
subject: socio-economic development
  topic: keywords
subject: remittances
  topic: keywords
subject: diaspora
  topic: keywords
subject: brain circulation
  topic: keywords
creator: Fatulla Mammadov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-06
publication date: 2026-05-06
starting page: 58
ending page: 63
doi: 10.69760/portuni.26050008

Gene Therapy: Mechanisms, Clinical Translation, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
type: item
description: Gene therapy has progressed from a speculative concept to a clinically validated therapeutic modality, transforming the management of monogenic disorders, hematologic malignancies, and ocular, neuromuscular, and cardiovascular diseases. Following nearly five decades of preclinical refinement and a turbulent early clinical history marked by serious adverse events, the field has matured into a regulated discipline supported by over 3,900 clinical trials worldwide. This review synthesizes the current state of gene therapy, with emphasis on viral and non-viral delivery platforms—particularly adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors, lentiviral vectors, and ionizable lipid nanoparticles (LNPs)—as well as somatic versus germline and in vivo versus ex vivo classifications. Landmark regulatory approvals, including voretigene neparvovec (Luxturna), onasemnogene abeparvovec (Zolgensma), etranacogene dezaparvovec (Hemgenix), exagamglogene autotemcel (Casgevy), and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies, are critically appraised. Genome-editing innovations—CRISPR-Cas9, base editing, and prime editing—are discussed in the context of expanding therapeutic precision. Persistent challenges encompass immunogenicity, off-target editing, insertional mutagenesis, durability of expression, manufacturing scalability, and equitable access. The review concludes with future perspectives on next-generation vectors, in vivo CAR-T engineering, and global access frameworks essential to realizing the curative promise of genetic medicine.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Gene therapy
  topic: keywords
subject: adeno-associated virus
  topic: keywords
subject: lentiviral vectors
  topic: keywords
subject: CRISPR-Cas9
  topic: keywords
subject: base editing
  topic: keywords
subject: prime editing
  topic: keywords
subject: CAR-T cell therapy
  topic: keywords
subject: lipid nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
subject: insertional mutagenesis
  topic: keywords
subject: precision medicine
  topic: keywords
creator: Sudaba Hasanova
creator: Oguzhan Ural
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-06
publication date: 2026-05-06
starting page: 49
ending page: 57
doi: 10.69760/portuni.26050007

Pedagogical Ideas and Textbooks of Mirza Sadiq Fani
type: item
description: Mirza Sadiq Fani (1840–?), who lived in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, not only taught the Azerbaijani language in primary classes in Tabriz and Ganja for many years, but also authored valuable textbooks on this subject. His poems entitled “Aghil, Bakht va Dowlat” (“Wisdom, Fortune and State”) and “Hekayati-Amiri-Balkh va Eshqi-Pak” (“The Story of the Emir of Balkh and Pure Love”), preserved in the Institute of Manuscripts named after M. Fuzuli of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, together with selected samples of his poetry, his textbook “Daftari-dovvomi-adabiyya” published in 1893, as well as his manuscript textbooks related to the teaching of the Azerbaijani language, constitute important materials that make it possible to examine his pedagogical activity and educational views. Unfortunately, this topic has not yet been studied comprehensively and systematically. In the article, Mirza Sadiq Fani’s ideas and reflections as a pedagogue are carefully examined; his textbooks are analyzed and evaluated; certain facts related to them are clarified; and some erroneous views are refuted on the basis of well-founded arguments. The study concludes that the textbooks written by Mirza Sadiq Fani for primary classes in the Azerbaijani language possess distinctive positive qualities from both scientific-theoretical and methodological perspectives.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mirza Sadiq Fani
  topic: keywords
subject: Mammad Taghi Sidqi
  topic: keywords
subject: Azerbaijani language textbook
  topic: keywords
subject: manuscript
  topic: keywords
subject: pedagogical activity
  topic: keywords
subject: Nakhchivan
  topic: keywords
subject: Tabriz
  topic: keywords
subject: “Khamsayi-Adabiyya”
  topic: keywords
subject: nineteenth century education
  topic: keywords
creator: Farman Khalilov
creator: Kubra Valiyeva
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-05
publication date: 2026-05-05
starting page: 42
ending page: 48
doi: 10.69760/portuni.26050006

Digital Economy and Human Behavior: Psychological Drivers of Financial Decision-Making
type: item
description: The rapid expansion of the digital economy has significantly transformed financial systems and human decision-making behavior. This study examines the psychological drivers influencing financial decision-making within digital environments, with particular emphasis on the role of cognitive biases, trust mechanisms, risk perception, and behavioral adaptation in the face of artificial intelligence, blockchain technologies, and digital financial platforms. Drawing on a synthesis of behavioral economics theory and recent empirical literature, the paper argues that financial decision-making in digital ecosystems is shaped not only by classical rationality but also by heuristic shortcuts, algorithmic dependency, information overload, and the reconfiguration of trust from interpersonal to technology-mediated forms. Foundational frameworks by Kahneman and Tversky (1979) and Thaler and Sunstein (2008) are integrated with contemporary digital finance research to develop a unified analytical model. The findings suggest that digital ecosystems simultaneously enhance efficiency and introduce new behavioral risks, requiring adaptive psychological responses from both individuals and institutions. The study contributes to the growing literature on behavioral digital economics by bridging classical behavioral finance with the unique demands of the algorithm-driven financial landscape.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital economy
  topic: keywords
subject: behavioral economics
  topic: keywords
subject: financial decision-making
  topic: keywords
subject: cognitive bias
  topic: keywords
subject: algorithmic trust
  topic: keywords
subject: blockchain
  topic: keywords
subject: FinTech
  topic: keywords
subject: prospect theory
  topic: keywords
subject: digital literacy
  topic: keywords
subject: risk perception
  topic: keywords
creator: Akbar Ibrahimov
creator: Mukhtar Mammadov
creator: Sevgi Alizada
creator: Nurid Mammadov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-01
publication date: 2026-05-01
starting page: 34
ending page: 41
doi: 10.69760/portuni.26050005

Anesthetic Management and Perioperative Risks in the Geriatric Population
type: item
description: The increasing frequency of surgical interventions in the elderly population poses significant challenges in modern anesthesiology, requiring a highly specialized clinical approach. Anesthetic risks in older patients are not merely a function of chronological age but are fundamentally linked to the depletion of physiological reserve and structural involution within vital organ systems. Aging leads to increased vascular rigidity and decreased myocardial compliance, significantly elevating the likelihood of intraoperative hemodynamic instability and myocardial infarction. In the respiratory system, the loss of lung elasticity and weakened protective airway reflexes heighten the risk of postoperative pneumonia and respiratory failure. Perhaps the most concerning complication is related to the central nervous system: postoperative delirium, characterized by acute confusion, affects approximately 15–50% of elderly patients, leading to prolonged hospitalization and increased mortality. Furthermore, age-related declines in hepatic and renal function impair the clearance of anesthetic agents, increasing the risk of drug toxicity and delayed emergence from anesthesia. The prevalence of comorbidities—diabetes, hypertension, and dementia—combined with polypharmacy, complicates the pharmacological profile and increases the potential for dangerous drug interactions. To mitigate these risks, meticulous preoperative assessment is essential, following the “start low, go slow” principle in drug titration. Preference is often given to regional anesthesia over general anesthesia when feasible to preserve cognitive function and reduce systemic stress. Ultimately, successful anesthesia in the elderly is an intricate balance of maintaining fragile homeostasis while managing the multifaceted physiological decline inherent in aging, requiring a multidisciplinary strategy for optimal outcomes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Geriatric anesthesia
  topic: keywords
subject: perioperative complications
  topic: keywords
subject: postoperative delirium
  topic: keywords
subject: postoperative cognitive dysfunction
  topic: keywords
subject: frailty
  topic: keywords
subject: polypharmacy
  topic: keywords
subject: homeostenosis
  topic: keywords
subject: prehabilitation
  topic: keywords
subject: regional anesthesia
  topic: keywords
creator: Mahabbat Mammadova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-01
publication date: 2026-05-01
starting page: 27
ending page: 33
doi: 10.69760/portuni.26050004

The Role of Alternative Plants in the Development Cycle of Beekeeping: A Case Study of Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and ProbeePlus Feed Supplement
type: item
description: This study examines the characteristics of the non-traditional lavender plant (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) with high nectar yield and its role in the development cycle of beekeeping. The agroecological characteristics of this plant, its flowering periods, and the mechanisms of its influence on bee productivity were analyzed from a scientific perspective. Studies show that the lavender field has a significant impact on the expansion of the food base of bee colonies, the extension of the nectar collection period, and the improvement of honey quality indicators. During the research period, the effect of applying a complex biologically active feed supplement (ProbeePlus) to the feed supply of Caucasian (Apis mellifera caucasica) honey bee colonies placed in a lavender field was studied in relation to the development dynamics and honey yield of the bees. The ProbeePlus feed supplement was added to the daily food base of the experimental group of bee colonies, and the brood area and honey yield of the colonies were analyzed comparatively using the Liebefeld method. The results demonstrate that the combined use of lavender as a nectar base and ProbeePlus as a biologically active supplement significantly enhances both colony development and honey productivity.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Beekeeping
  topic: keywords
subject: lavender
  topic: keywords
subject: ProbeePlus
  topic: keywords
subject: Liebefeld method
  topic: keywords
subject: biodiversity
  topic: keywords
subject: honey yield
  topic: keywords
subject: ecosystem
  topic: keywords
subject: Apis mellifera caucasica
  topic: keywords
subject: nectar plants
  topic: keywords
subject: feed supplement
  topic: keywords
creator: Gunel Seyidzadeh
creator: Zeynab Rasulova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-01
publication date: 2026-05-01
starting page: 20
ending page: 26
doi: 10.69760/portuni.26050003

Application Opportunities and Effectiveness Evaluation of Innovative Management Models in Azerbaijan
type: item
description: In today’s rapidly changing business landscape, the adoption of innovative management models has become a crucial factor for organizational success and national economic growth. Azerbaijan, as a dynamically developing country in the South Caucasus, faces increasing demands for modernization and competitiveness in both public and private sectors. The integration of innovative management approaches such as Agile, Lean, Holacracy, and digital transformation strategies is increasingly recognized as essential for fostering adaptability, improving operational efficiency, and enhancing the competitive advantage of Azerbaijani organizations. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the importance, application opportunities, and effectiveness of innovative management models within the context of Azerbaijan’s economic and organizational development. The research examines how local organizations are embracing these models, the main challenges encountered during implementation, and the tangible outcomes achieved through innovation-driven management practices. Drawing on empirical data collected from surveys and interviews with business leaders, managers, and industry experts, the paper explores the current landscape of management innovation in Azerbaijan and identifies key drivers and barriers. Findings reveal that organizations implementing innovative management models demonstrate higher levels of adaptability, employee engagement, and market responsiveness. However, significant obstacles remain, including limited awareness of global best practices, resistance to change, and insufficient digital infrastructure. The study concludes with practical recommendations for policymakers, business leaders, and practitioners to facilitate the wider adoption and successful integration of innovative management models.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Innovative management
  topic: keywords
subject: Azerbaijan
  topic: keywords
subject: effectiveness evaluation
  topic: keywords
subject: organizational development
  topic: keywords
subject: Agile
  topic: keywords
subject: Lean
  topic: keywords
subject: Holacracy
  topic: keywords
subject: digital transformation
  topic: keywords
subject: leadership
  topic: keywords
creator: Maharram Taghizade
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-01
publication date: 2026-05-01
starting page: 13
ending page: 19
doi: 10.69760/portuni.26050002

Comparative Evaluation of Agricultural Subsidies and Their Macroeconomic Outcomes
type: item
description: Agricultural subsidies have long served as pivotal instruments in shaping national agricultural policies and fostering economic growth. However, their macroeconomic outcomes remain debated across differing national contexts. This study conducts a comparative evaluation of agricultural subsidy programs in selected countries, analyzing their impacts on macroeconomic indicators such as GDP growth, employment, trade balance, and rural development. Utilizing a combination of econometric analysis and case study comparisons, the research reveals complex interactions between subsidy structures and economic outcomes. The findings suggest that while well-targeted subsidies can bolster rural economies and stimulate growth, poorly designed programs may distort markets and yield limited macroeconomic benefits. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for optimizing subsidy frameworks to maximize positive economic impacts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agricultural subsidies
  topic: keywords
subject: macroeconomic outcomes
  topic: keywords
subject: comparative analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: economic policy
  topic: keywords
subject: rural development
  topic: keywords
subject: GDP growth
  topic: keywords
subject: trade balance
  topic: keywords
subject: fiscal efficiency
  topic: keywords
creator: Nizami Mammadzade
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 5
ending page: 12
doi: 10.69760/portuni.26050001

Business Performance Analysis: A Comprehensive Approach to Performance Evaluation
type: item
description: This article examines the main approaches and indicators used in the comprehensive evaluation of business performance. The study analyses key financial indicators—including profitability, return on investment, liquidity, and turnover ratios—alongside non-financial factors such as customer satisfaction, employee productivity, innovation level, and market share. The article considers the role of internal resources and external environmental factors in shaping business activity outcomes. Practical analytical instruments including SWOT analysis, KPI systems, and strategic planning tools are discussed with reference to their application in enterprise management. The study traces business development through the stages of the product life cycle—market entry, growth, maturity, and decline—demonstrating how performance assessment criteria and appropriate evaluation methods evolve at each stage. The article emphasises the importance of rational resource allocation, effective risk management, and the adoption of innovative approaches as prerequisites for sustainable enterprise development and long-term competitiveness. The findings indicate that a comprehensive, multi-criteria approach to performance evaluation—one that integrates financial, economic, and strategic dimensions—provides the most reliable basis for managerial decision-making and stable business development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Business performance
  topic: keywords
subject: efficiency evaluation
  topic: keywords
subject: profitability
  topic: keywords
subject: KPI
  topic: keywords
subject: SWOT analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: business life cycle
  topic: keywords
subject: risk management
  topic: keywords
subject: strategic planning
  topic: keywords
subject: enterprise development
  topic: keywords
subject: Azerbaijan
  topic: keywords
creator: Turan Rustamov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-28
publication date: 2026-04-28
starting page: 153
ending page: 159
doi: 10.69760/portuni.26040020

Digital Transformation of the TRIPP Route: Building Smart Logistics Ecosystems in the Zangezur Corridor
type: item
description: The emergence of digital technologies has significantly transformed global logistics systems, particularly within strategic transit corridors. This study explores the digital transformation of the TRIPP (Trans-Regional Intelligent Physical Platform) route, focusing on the development of smart logistics ecosystems in the Zangezur Corridor. By integrating blockchain, artificial intelligence, and Industry 4.0 technologies, the research examines how digital infrastructure enhances efficiency, transparency, and sustainability in transit operations. The study employs a qualitative analytical approach based on recent academic literature to identify the key technological and economic drivers shaping modern logistics networks. The findings reveal that digital transformation not only improves operational performance but also redefines regional economic integration and geoeconomic dynamics. The paper contributes to the literature by proposing a conceptual framework for smart logistics ecosystems in emerging transit corridors.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital transformation
  topic: keywords
subject: TRIPP route
  topic: keywords
subject: smart logistics
  topic: keywords
subject: Zangezur Corridor
  topic: keywords
subject: blockchain
  topic: keywords
subject: artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Industry 4.0
  topic: keywords
subject: logistics ecosystems
  topic: keywords
creator: Sadaqat Ahmadova
creator: Mukhtar Mammadov
creator: Akbar Ibrahimov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-27
publication date: 2026-04-27
starting page: 146
ending page: 152
doi: 10.69760/portuni.26040019

Impact of Play-Based Learning on School Readiness and Physical Activity among Preschool Children in Oyo West Local Government Area, Nigeria
type: item
description: This study investigated the effects of play-based learning on school readiness and physical activity among preschool children in Oyo West Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria. The research examined how developmentally appropriate teaching methods can be effective in preparing children for formal schooling. A convergent parallel mixed-methods design was employed, incorporating a quasi-experimental component alongside qualitative classroom observations and teacher interviews. The sample comprised 200 preschool children aged 4–5 years and 20 teachers drawn from public and private Early Childhood Care, Development, and Education (ECCDE) centres, selected through multistage sampling. Data collection instruments included the Play-Based Learning Observation Checklist (PBLOC), the School Readiness Assessment Scale (SRAS), and a semi-structured interview guide. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, linear regression, Pearson Product Moment Correlation, and independent-sample t-tests; qualitative data were subjected to thematic analysis. Findings indicated that play-based learning was a significant predictor of school readiness (β = .47, t = 7.39, p < .001), explaining 46.5% of the variance (R² = .465). Although play-based learning and physical activity showed a positive association, the relationship was not statistically significant (r = .131, p = .065). Children exposed to play-based learning demonstrated significantly higher school readiness scores than those taught through traditional methods (t = 3.857, p < .05). The study concludes that play-based learning is an effective instructional approach for preparing preschool children for formal schooling and recommends expanded access to play materials and improved teacher training.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Play-based learning
  topic: keywords
subject: school readiness
  topic: keywords
subject: physical activity
  topic: keywords
subject: preschool children
  topic: keywords
subject: early childhood education
  topic: keywords
subject: Nigeria
  topic: keywords
subject: Oyo State
  topic: keywords
creator: Olatunji Saheed Olawale
creator: Orisadare Hamdalah Adejoke
creator: Adejare Sodiq Adigun
creator: Jimoh Mutiu Opeyemi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-27
publication date: 2026-04-27
starting page: 137
ending page: 145
doi: 10.69760/portuni.26040018