Porta Universorum ( ISSN 3030-2234) is a peer-reviewed, multidisciplinary publication committed to promoting research in the natural sciences. Guided by a global editorial staff of prominent academics, it promotes stringent standards, open collaboration, and the unrestricted flow of knowledge, serving as a conduit for creative discoveries and interdisciplinary discourse.
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Foreign Language Effect on Financial Risk-Taking: A Psycholinguistic Perspective on Economic Decision-Making
This article examines the Foreign Language Effect (FLE) in financial risk-taking from a psycholinguistic perspective. It argues that language is not only a medium of communication but also a factor shaping cognition, emotion, and decision-making under uncertainty. The study reviews theoretical approaches to the FLE, including dual-process theory, the emotional distance hypothesis, and the cognitive-effort account, and relates them to financial behavior such as loss aversion, framing sensitivity, and risk evaluation. It further discusses empirical research showing that decisions made in a foreign language may reduce emotional resonance and alter risk preferences, although the effect remains context-dependent and influenced by variables such as language proficiency, task type, and cultural background. Particular attention is given to the implications of these findings for multilingual financial communication in banking, investment advising, international business, and financial education. The article concludes that further interdisciplinary research is needed to better understand the role of language in financial judgment and behavior.
Copyright (c) 2026 Porta Universorum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Impact of Art Museums on the Aesthetic Education of Schoolchildren
Aesthetic education is essential for the holistic development of schoolchildren, fostering creativity, critical thinking, cultural awareness, and emotional intelligence. Art museums offer unique opportunities for experiential learning by exposing students to authentic artworks, diverse artistic styles, and historical contexts. This study investigates the impact of guided art museum visits on the aesthetic education of schoolchildren aged 10–14 in urban schools. Using a mixed-methods approach, 120 students participated in three museum visits incorporating observation, interactive workshops, and reflective discussions. Quantitative assessments with the Aesthetic Sensitivity Test and art interpretation worksheets revealed significant improvements in visual analysis, emotional response, and symbolic interpretation. Qualitative data from interviews, focus groups, and observational checklists indicated enhanced engagement, creativity, collaborative learning, and cultural empathy. Students who actively participated in workshops showed higher retention and deeper understanding compared to passive observers. The findings highlight the importance of structured, interactive museum programs in complementing classroom instruction and promoting lifelong appreciation of art. Integrating museum visits into school curricula can democratize access to aesthetic education, nurture cognitive and socio-emotional skills, and cultivate essential 21st-century competencies, demonstrating that museums are dynamic spaces for meaningful educational experiences.
Methods of Teaching German at the A1 Level to Students with Heterogeneous Proficiency Levels in Higher Education Institutions
In higher education institutions, foreign language classes often include students with different prior knowledge and learning abilities. This heterogeneity creates challenges for instructors, particularly in beginner-level courses such as A1 German. The present study examines effective teaching methods for instructing A1-level German to students with heterogeneous proficiency levels in universities. The research explores differentiated instruction, communicative language teaching, cooperative learning, and the use of digital tools as strategies to address diverse learner needs. Data were collected through classroom observations, student feedback, and analysis of learning outcomes in beginner German courses. The findings suggest that flexible teaching methods and learner-centered approaches significantly improve participation, comprehension, and motivation among students with mixed abilities. The study concludes that structured differentiation and interactive learning activities play a crucial role in successfully teaching A1 German in heterogeneous classrooms.
Impact of Movies in Second Language Learning
The use of movies in second language (L2) learning has gained increasing attention as a dynamic, authentic, and engaging instructional approach. This study investigates the impact of film-based learning on listening comprehension, vocabulary acquisition, and cultural understanding among intermediate-level English learners. Sixty participants were divided into an experimental group, which watched English-language films with subtitles accompanied by structured pre- and post-viewing activities, and a control group, which followed a traditional textbook-based curriculum. Pre- and post-tests measured improvements across the three skill areas. Results indicated that the experimental group demonstrated significant gains in listening comprehension (18.2% increase), vocabulary acquisition (22.2% increase), and cultural understanding (15.3% increase), while the control group showed minimal improvements. These findings suggest that films provide rich audiovisual input, authentic dialogues, and culturally relevant contexts that enhance language learning beyond conventional methods. Furthermore, movie-based learning increased learner motivation and engagement, promoting a more immersive and interactive educational experience. This study highlights the pedagogical value of integrating films into L2 curricula and emphasizes the importance of structured guidance, careful film selection, and supplementary exercises to maximize learning outcomes. Future research should explore long-term retention and the effects of different film genres and subtitle strategies on language acquisition.
Rules for the Formalization of Documents Related to Personnel Matters
A significant part of management activity related to records and documentation is reflected in organizational and directive documents. Each year, over a billion documents are produced in the field of administration. Through these documents, information is preserved and delivered to its intended recipients. Documents serve as a mirror of management. Written documentation fully reflects and conveys the course of human activity, as well as the development of statehood, civilization, and culture. In recent years, documents have become increasingly prevalent in the initial stages of management. The operation of an enterprise begins on the basis of organizational documents. Various types of organizational documents are prepared to record and convey different kinds of information. Based on these organizational documents, the state registry service begins its work. A document is a medium that consolidates and conveys facts, events, objective realities, and human intellectual activity through various methods on a specific material basis. Some documents are significant in one context but may hold no importance in another. For example, a handwritten letter sent to an ordinary person may seem insignificant but could serve as evidence in a court proceeding.
Opportunities and Challenges of Implementing Artificial Intelligence (AI) Technology in Educational Assessment and Supervision
We will explore how the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into educational assessments is leading to revolutionary changes in the measurement and evaluation of learning. Capabilities such as automated assessment, adaptive testing, and real-time feedback offered by this technology help to address the limitations of traditional assessment methods such as manual grading more quickly and efficiently. These technologies also provide students with personalized learning experiences and enable data-driven insights into their performance. However, these innovations also introduce several challenges and ethical issues. One of the most significant concerns is algorithmic bias, which can particularly affect certain groups of students in systems like facial recognition and natural language processing. There are also concerns related to data privacy and over-reliance on automation. Despite these difficulties, artificial intelligence enhances the efficiency of the assessment process, provides rapid feedback, and helps identify learning gaps at an early stage. In the future, technologies such as emotion recognition and secure digital identification may further improve assessments. The successful implementation of AI in educational assessment depends on balancing technical capabilities with human oversight.
Modern Conceptions in Theatre: From Dramatic Representation to Performative Event
This article explores modern conceptions in theatre by examining the theoretical foundations and contemporary practices that have reshaped performance in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Drawing on the ideas of influential practitioners such as Bertolt Brecht, Antonin Artaud, Jerzy Grotowski, and Augusto Boal, the study analyzes the transition of theatre from text-centered realism toward participatory, postdramatic, and multimedia-oriented forms. Through qualitative analysis and comparative historical review, supported by selected examples of experimental and immersive theatre companies, the research identifies four dominant contemporary conceptions: theatre as political practice; theatre as a postdramatic and multimedial event; embodied minimalist performance; and expanded performance ecology. The findings indicate a redefinition of spectatorship, a decentralization of authorial authority, and an increasing integration of digital technologies. The discussion highlights ongoing tensions between experimentation and accessibility, technological mediation and live presence, as well as radical political engagement and commercialization (Kershaw, 1992). Ultimately, modern theatre emerges as a dynamic and adaptive cultural laboratory that reflects and interrogates contemporary social realities while preserving the essential actor–audience encounter.
Enhancing the Role of Small Entrepreneurship in Innovation-Driven Economy
Small business, as a driving and leading force in the agrarian economy, plays a decisive role in ensuring food security and advancing the strategic priorities of economic development. In contemporary conditions, the expansion of small enterprises enhances the competitive environment among economic entities and supports the sustainable development of the agricultural sector. Within the framework of the new economic system, entrepreneurship evolves alongside the formation of new property relations in the agrarian sphere. Therefore, it is essential to examine the regulation of business relations and the development of the market environment in connection with the key directions of economic transformation. As a dynamic component of economic growth, business entities seek to generate profit by satisfying consumer demand. Their activities, which combine production factors through personal initiative and direct responsibility, are grounded in economic and legal principles. The organizational foundations of small business create the initial conditions necessary for entrepreneurship and the effective functioning of the agrarian business environment. The development of entrepreneurship in agriculture largely depends on the competitive climate and the availability of equal partnership opportunities. Consequently, the existing theoretical and methodological framework requires a comprehensive evaluation of this potential. Particular attention should be given to assessing the capacity of businesses to shape a favorable market environment in the agricultural sector. Such an assessment must consider sectoral requirements, key influencing factors, and the territorial characteristics of business activities.
Optimization of Marketing Functions in the Exchange Sphere: Main Directions, Practices and Prospects
The level of marketing development and its practical use in enterprises reflects the maturity of market relations and the ability of organizations to apply marketing elements and methods creatively. Because no single universal model exists for organizing marketing activities in the global economy, the selection and implementation of marketing methods require a differentiated approach that considers enterprise-specific characteristics and, above all, the features of the market environment. This confirms the versatility of marketing: its principles can be applied across most commercial and non-commercial fields that involve exchange relations, provided they are adapted to local conditions through creative and analytical thinking. A key task for the further development of marketing theory and practice is examining how marketing methods operate specifically within the exchange sphere, where consumer market mechanisms must be aligned with individual customer requirements. Solving this problem has both scientific and practical value, since balancing production and consumption supports sustainable economic growth. The relevance of this research is increasing as market mechanisms evolve rapidly and competition between domestic and foreign producers intensifies. In such conditions, effective marketing methods help enterprises respond to market changes, build strategic perspectives, and remain competitive by matching products more closely to end-consumer needs.
The Role of Sports in the Development of Children’s Health and Empathy Skills
This article analyzes how sports and active games contribute to children’s physical health and the formation of empathy-related competencies. In contemporary educational contexts, children’s development is increasingly understood as a multidimensional process in which motor activity, emotional regulation, social interaction, and moral learning reinforce one another. Drawing on pedagogical and psychological literature, the paper synthesizes how structured physical education, team sports, and age-appropriate active games support functional growth, endurance, and healthy lifestyle habits while simultaneously shaping children’s prosocial behaviors such as cooperation, perspective-taking, respect for rules, and compassionate responses to peers. The study also considers how collective sports experiences can support civic responsibility and socially constructive attitudes by cultivating self-discipline, fairness, mutual support, and the ability to handle success and failure with emotional balance. Methodologically, the article uses a qualitative, integrative review and thematic analysis of the provided sources, with attention to the educational functions of play, the psychological mechanisms of social learning, and the practical requirements for organizing inclusive game-based activities. The results indicate that sports and games serve not only as a health-promoting tool but also as a pedagogical environment in which children rehearse social roles, learn emotional self-control, and develop empathy through repeated cooperative action. The discussion highlights implications for teachers, parents, and school psychologists regarding balanced program design, individual differences, and the prevention of sedentary lifestyles.
Education–Technology–Economy Nexus: Empirical Evidence from Developing Countries
The interaction between education, technology, and economic development has become a critical determinant of competitiveness and sustainable growth in developing countries. This study empirically examines how educational attainment and technological readiness jointly influence macroeconomic performance. Using multi-country panel data and indicators related to human capital, digital infrastructure, innovation capacity, and productivity, the research analyzes the structural links between these variables. The findings reveal a strong and statistically significant relationship between improvements in education systems, technological adoption, and economic growth. Countries that invest in human capital and digital transformation demonstrate higher productivity, stronger innovation capacity, and more diversified economic structures. The integration of digital tools into education enhances workforce skills and supports participation in technology-intensive sectors. The study concludes that coordinated policies linking educational reform with technological strategies are essential for achieving sustainable economic development and strengthening global competitiveness in developing economies.
Repetition as Policy Tool: Anaphora, Tricolon, and Slogan‑Motifs in Joe Biden’s 2023 State of the Union (7 February 2023)
This article examines how repetition operates as a policy tool in Joe Biden’s 2023 State of the Union address (7 February 2023). Using qualitative rhetorical–discourse analysis of the prepared transcript, it traces three repetitive forms—anaphora, tricolon, and slogan‑motifs—and explains how they cooperate to make policy agenda publicly legible. Anaphora (“we/when/let’s…”) structures problem–solution sequences and assigns agency to government and citizens; tricolons compress complex claims into rhythmic, memorable triads; and recurring slogans (notably “finish the job”) function as ideographic labels that bind diverse initiatives into one narrative of continuity and completion. Drawing on work on political discourse, framing, and processing fluency, the study argues that repetition simultaneously reinforces salience (what audiences should notice), coherence (how policy items fit together), and credibility (why the agenda sounds familiar and ‘true’). The findings show that, in this speech, repetition is not ornamental but instrumental—an interface between institutional policy language and mass audience cognition—in a high‑stakes national address to Congress.
Prescriptive and Descriptive Grammar: Functions, Distinctions, and Pedagogical Relevance
This article examines the fundamental distinction between prescriptive and descriptive grammar and their respective roles in linguistic analysis and language education. Prescriptive grammar is primarily concerned with formulating norms and rules that define correct language use, whereas descriptive grammar aims to document and analyze how language is actually used by speakers in authentic communicative contexts. Drawing on a qualitative review of linguistic literature and representative language examples, the study outlines the objectives, advantages, and limitations of both grammatical approaches. The findings suggest that prescriptive and descriptive grammar should not be viewed as opposing frameworks but rather as complementary perspectives that together contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of language structure, variation, and change. In particular, the article emphasizes the importance of integrating both approaches in language teaching, as each serves distinct yet interconnected pedagogical functions. By clarifying their differences and areas of application, the study highlights the relevance of both grammatical traditions in linguistic theory and educational practice.
Biotechnological Production of Antibiotics
The biotechnological production of antibiotics is based on the isolation of highly productive microbial strains and the optimization of their cultivation and metabolic pathways. Antibiotics are biologically active secondary metabolites synthesized by microorganisms that inhibit the growth of competing microbes or cause their destruction. In natural ecosystems, actinomycetes—particularly species of the genus Streptomyces—are the most significant producers and are responsible for the majority of clinically important antibiotics. The rapid global spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, has intensified the demand for novel antimicrobial compounds and more efficient production technologies. The biotechnological production process involves several key stages, including the isolation and screening of environmental microorganisms for antagonistic activity, the selection of optimal nutrient media, and the evaluation of the physicochemical and biological properties of the produced antibiotics. Industrial antibiotic fermentation typically follows a two-phase growth pattern. During the trophophase, microorganisms undergo balanced growth and accumulate biomass, whereas during the idiophase, growth slows and secondary metabolism is activated, leading to intensive antibiotic biosynthesis. To enhance productivity, modern biotechnology employs strain improvement strategies such as random mutagenesis, adaptive evolution, and genetic engineering, often combined with statistical optimization of fermentation media. Recent advances in genomics, metabolomics, and genome-mining approaches have further expanded the potential for discovering new bioactive compounds by revealing previously silent biosynthetic gene clusters. This review synthesizes current knowledge on microbial antibiotic producers, fermentation strategies, and biotechnological innovations, offering a comprehensive overview of contemporary approaches to antibiotic production.
The Specific Features of the Genre in A. Abbasov’s Symphonic Poems
Various composers have played a highly significant role in the development of national musical culture. Their creative activity enriches the national musical treasury with multifaceted musical interpretations. Naturally, each of these interpretations possesses its own individual forms. The genres to which composers turn are equally diverse. In realizing a musical idea, a composer embodies a concrete artistic conception through the expressive means employed, the timbral richness of orchestral language, dramaturgical development, and the multidirectional evolution of the sphere of images. One of the composers in Azerbaijani musical culture whose creative path bears an unmistakable personal signature is Ashraf Abbasov. As a composer endowed with distinctive individual qualities, Abbasov has secured a unique place in national musical culture through his original artistic legacy. The present article examines the works he composed in the genre of the symphonic poem, focusing on their formal and generic characteristics, the creative style manifested in these works, the thematic range he adopts, and the originality of his expressive means. His symphonic poems are characterized as among the most striking examples of the genre in the history of national musical culture. It is noted that the composer wrote his first works in this genre as early as the 1940s, and that these pieces constitute some of the earliest examples of the symphonic poem in Azerbaijani music. In his symphonic poems, Abbasov underscores the importance of formal and generic features for his compositional thinking. He organically fuses national musical elements with components of European classical music. This synthesis enables him to emphasize national characteristics in his symphonic poems. The article discusses these and related aspects. It is also emphasized that Abbasov is extremely attentive in selecting subjects for his symphonic poems. Summarizing his creative achievements, these works represent artistic examples that hold a distinctive place within the rich heritage of national musical culture.
Analysis of the Current Situation in the Business Management System
Businesses are typically established to generate profit; however, long-term viability depends on more than profitability alone. Ensuring organizational effectiveness requires a clear development strategy and continuous monitoring of how the business system changes over time. For this reason, assessing development indicators should not be limited to past performance outcomes. Managers must also introduce updated criteria that reflect new priorities, risks, and growth expectations. Business success and efficiency are largely determined by how rapidly and with what level of resources an enterprise can achieve its strategic objectives. To build an effective target-oriented management system, an organization first needs to clarify, formalize, and communicate its goals. The next stage involves developing performance standards aligned with these goals, defining concrete tasks and initiatives, and assigning the authority and responsibilities required to implement them. Finally, a target management system becomes functional only when motivation and incentive mechanisms are aligned with the stated objectives, ensuring that personnel engagement directly supports organizational priorities.
Stimulation Measures in the Use of Human Resources
The primary objective of any enterprise is to generate profit, which is directly dependent on the effectiveness of its employees. Consequently, organizations are continuously confronted with the challenge of motivating personnel to achieve higher levels of productivity while maintaining work quality. For this reason, the issue of stimulation in the use of human resources remains highly relevant in contemporary economic conditions. Well-designed motivational and incentive mechanisms enable enterprises to establish a stable operational rhythm, support sustainable economic growth, and promote overall organizational development. Motivation represents a conscious internal drive that encourages individuals to act, solve problems, and engage in goal-oriented activities. This internal desire becomes active only when it is fully realized by the individual. Motivation is rooted in various needs—moral, material, social, or physiological—and once these needs are satisfied, the intensity of the motivational impulse tends to decrease. Stimulation, in contrast, refers to external forms of influence that encourage individuals to increase their level of activity. Its primary purpose is to accelerate managerial processes, modify behavior, and guide employees toward desired actions and outcomes. Stimulation can take both positive and negative forms, depending on the objectives pursued and the methods applied.
Accuracy in Official Document Translation: Sources of Error and Practical Solutions
Accuracy in the translation of official documents is of paramount importance, as even minor errors can carry serious legal, financial, or diplomatic consequences. Official documents – such as contracts, certificates, legal affidavits, and immigration papers – must be translated with precision to maintain their validity across languages and jurisdictions. This article examines common sources of error in official document translation and offers practical solutions to enhance accuracy. Identified sources of error include terminological mistakes, omissions, literal translations that ignore context, cultural misunderstandings, formatting lapses, and the use of unqualified translators or unchecked machine translation. Real-world examples illustrate how mistranslations have led to rejected documents, court delays, financial losses, and even international disputes. To address these issues, the article outlines best practices: employing certified and domain-expert translators, utilizing glossaries and quality assurance processes, adhering to formatting and certification requirements, and balancing technology with human oversight. By implementing these solutions, stakeholders can significantly improve translation accuracy, ensuring that official documents retain their intended meaning and legal efficacy across languages.
Modal verbs occupy a central place in the grammatical system of contemporary French, as they make it possible to express the speaker’s attitude toward the propositional content of an utterance. In particular, they serve to mark possibility, necessity, obligation, probability, as well as volition. This article aims to analyze the main functions of modal verbs in simple sentences in French, drawing on well-established theoretical frameworks in linguistics, notably the works of Lyons, Palmer, Le Querler, and Sweetser. The analysis is based on a corpus of authentic examples that highlights the epistemic, deontic, dynamic, and discursive uses of the verbs pouvoir, devoir, vouloir, and savoir. The study demonstrates that the polysemy of these verbs and the diversity of their contextual values play a fundamental role in the interpretation of utterances. Finally, the article emphasizes the didactic implications of modal verb analysis, particularly in the teaching of French as a foreign language, where mastery of modal values represents a major challenge for learners’ communicative competence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Porta Universorum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Influence of Cultural and Educational Institutions on the Formation of Public Thought in Early 20th-Century Azerbaijan
This study explores the crucial role of cultural and educational institutions in the formation and evolution of public thought in Azerbaijan during the early decades of the twentieth century. It argues that, within the framework of the colonial policies of Tsarist Russia, the expansion of national education emerged as a vital means of safeguarding Azerbaijani national identity, language, and cultural heritage. The educational and intellectual efforts of leading figures such as Hasan bey Zardabi, Ali bey Huseynzade, Ahmad bey Agayev, Omar Faiq Nemanzade, and Muhammad Amin Rasulzade played a decisive role in raising public awareness and promoting ideas of national advancement. The article further analyzes the impact of periodicals including Açıq Söz (Open Word), Füyuzat, and Dirilik, alongside educational societies such as Nicat, Səadət, and Nəşri-Maarif, as well as newly established modern schools, on the process of national awakening. It concludes that, in the early twentieth century, cultural and educational institutions functioned not only as centers of learning but also as key platforms for the articulation of national ideology and the development of public consciousness. This intellectual and educational movement ultimately created the ideological foundation for the proclamation of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.
Methods and Tools for Teaching Chess in Higher Education
This paper examines pedagogical approaches and instructional tools for teaching chess in higher education. Chess instruction in universities can serve disciplinary goals (e.g., sport sciences, cognitive psychology), cross-curricular goals (critical thinking, problem solving), and extra-curricular objectives (wellness, student engagement). Drawing on theoretical frameworks from constructivist and experiential learning, and on empirical literature about cognitive and educational effects of chess training, the paper presents a structured course design, recommended teaching methods, practical activities, digital and physical tools, assessment strategies, and implementation considerations. The aim is to provide instructors and programme designers with an evidence-informed, practical roadmap to develop effective, measurable, and scalable chess courses or modules that align with higher-education learning outcomes.
Culturonyms as Ideological Markers in English-Language Political Discourse: A Media-Based Linguistic Analysis
This article investigates the ideological function of culturonyms in English-language political and media discourse, focusing on their role as culturally marked lexical units that mediate identity, power, and evaluation. Drawing on Critical Discourse Analysis and cultural linguistics, the study develops a theoretical model of semantic stratification to explain how culturonyms transition from culturally descriptive terms to ideologically operational markers. The framework is empirically validated through three case studies examining immigration discourse, lifestyle-based political critique, and symbolic marginalization through omission in mainstream media. Using lexical-semantic analysis, collocation analysis, and frequency mapping, the findings demonstrate that culturonyms systematically contribute to negative other-presentation, polarization within the Us vs. Them dichotomy, and the regulation of cultural visibility. The study further shows that ideological control is exercised not only through explicit evaluative labeling but also through strategic absence, which minimizes the cultural capital of marginalized groups. By integrating empirical corpus analysis with socio-cognitive and discursive theory, the article positions culturonyms as micro-level agents of ideological control and offers a replicable methodological model for analyzing culturally coded political language in contemporary media.
The Bifurcation of Linguistic Mediation: A Critical Inquiry into the Epistemological and Ethical Divergence of Translation and Interpretation
This article examines the fundamental professional, cognitive, and ethical distinctions between translation and interpretation, challenging the persistent tendency to treat them as interchangeable forms of language transfer. Drawing on comparative theoretical analysis, professional standards, and functional technology assessment, the study demonstrates that the two modalities are governed by opposing operational constraints. Translation is characterized by non-immediacy, permanence, and verifiable fidelity, relying on sustained analytical processing and research-based accuracy. Interpretation, by contrast, operates under conditions of immediacy and ephemerality, prioritizing communicative fluency, real-time decision-making, and ethical judgment under cognitive pressure. The findings confirm that these constraints produce mutually exclusive skill sets and professional identities, making role conflation both pedagogically flawed and ethically risky. The study further argues that technological developments, including AI-assisted language tools, reinforce rather than dissolve this dichotomy by automating structured translation tasks while amplifying the irreplaceable human role of the interpreter as a situated ethical and intercultural mediator. By framing the translation–interpretation divide as a foundational issue in linguistic mediation, this article contributes to broader humanistic discussions of knowledge transmission, ethical accountability, and intercultural agency in a globalized world.
From Pen to Podium: Understanding the Critical Divide Between Written and Verbal Language Services
This article systematically examines the critical professional and methodological divide separating Translation (written language service) and Interpretation (verbal/signed language service). Despite their shared goal of cross-linguistic communication, these disciplines necessitate fundamentally distinct skill sets, operate under different constraints, and adhere to divergent professional standards. Drawing on linguistic theory and communication studies, we analyze the core differences: the focus on fidelity and permanence in written text (Translation) versus immediacy and fluency in real-time communication (Interpretation). Furthermore, the paper explores the cognitive demands, ethical considerations, and professional environments unique to each practice (e.g., the use of CAT tools versus simultaneous booth technology). Understanding this critical divide is essential for language service consumers, educators, and practitioners to ensure optimal communication outcomes and professional specialization in an increasingly globalized world.
The Indispensable Role of Structure and Expertise: Advantages of Teacher-Centred Approaches in Foreign Language Learning
Teacher-centred instruction remains a foundational and often underestimated approach in foreign language education, particularly during the early stages of language acquisition when learners require clarity, structure, and expert guidance. While contemporary pedagogy frequently emphasizes student-centred models, this article argues that teacher-centred practices provide indispensable benefits grounded in instructional expertise, systematic curriculum delivery, and effective classroom management. Drawing on established theoretical perspectives and classroom-based observations, the study examines how teacher direction supports the acquisition of complex linguistic systems, facilitates immediate and accurate feedback, and ensures the consistent progression of core skills such as vocabulary development, reading comprehension, and writing accuracy. Special attention is given to practical pedagogical applications, including scaffolding techniques, teaching strategies for young learners, structured vocabulary instruction, and step-by-step models of reading and error correction. The article further analyzes the flipped classroom model, demonstrating that despite its reputation as a student-centred innovation, its design and effectiveness remain fundamentally dependent on teacher expertise. Overall, the study highlights that a well-implemented teacher-centred approach offers essential stability, pedagogical precision, and guided support, making it a critical component of successful foreign language learning.
Application of Information Technologies in the Control of Technical Systems
The integration of modern information technologies into technical control systems is fundamentally transforming industrial automation and infrastructure management. This article provides a theoretical and global examination of how IoT connectivity, cloud–edge computing, artificial intelligence, and digital twin technologies are reshaping control architectures and operational practices. Traditional isolated SCADA environments are evolving into interconnected, data-centric ecosystems capable of real-time monitoring, predictive analytics, and adaptive decision-making. The analysis highlights the substantial benefits of this transition—enhanced automation responsiveness, improved situational awareness, reduced downtime, and significant gains in energy and resource efficiency. At the same time, the study identifies critical challenges, including cybersecurity vulnerabilities, interoperability complexities, and growing system heterogeneity requiring advanced skills and robust governance. Emerging trends such as AI-driven autonomy, 5G/6G-enabled connectivity, digital twin ecosystems, and Industry 5.0 human-centric principles suggest a future of increasingly intelligent, sustainable, and resilient control systems. The findings underscore that successful adoption depends on coordinated technological innovation, strong cybersecurity practices, and cross-disciplinary workforce development.
Stages of Planning and Forecasting in the Management System
One of the main issues is to assess the need for changes in the existing economic mechanism or its individual elements (taking into account the new needs, motivations and reactions of economic entities to these changes) in order to ensure the maximum efficiency of economic development and management of the country. Then this process moves from the stage of assumptions to the stage of forecasting possible development and achieving the established development guidelines, provided that the appropriate resources and means of implementation are provided. At this stage, various scenarios are considered, the choice of a more realistic scenario can be considered a transition to the next stage of final specification of goals and parameters, the choice of a strategy reflected in the developed concepts, programs and development plans. At the same time, the creation of new mechanisms and tools for the implementation of the chosen strategy (or the modification of existing ones) is envisaged. Then, in the context of managing the macro level of the economic system, the process enters the implementation stage, which begins with changes in the regulatory and legislative framework, the creation of new motivational incentives for subjects, after which current planning comes into force as a regulatory, coordinating and control tool. Individual enterprises, organizations, firms representing the micro level are in the sphere of regulatory influence of state bodies. The main development parameters, operating within the macro area specified in the macro-foresight process, try to adapt to the emerging economic environment and use it to implement changes in its conditions.
Design and Implementation of an Intelligent Analytical System for Forecasting Key Economic Indicators
This article examines the design and implementation of an intelligent analytical system for forecasting key economic indicators within a global, data-rich environment. Traditional econometric models often struggle to capture nonlinear dynamics and rapidly shifting conditions, underscoring the need for more adaptive forecasting tools. Drawing on advancements in machine learning, deep neural networks, and intelligent decision support systems, the study proposes a modular forecasting architecture that integrates multi-source data, automated preprocessing, hybrid modeling strategies, and interactive decision-support interfaces. The system leverages both classical statistical models and contemporary AI techniques to improve predictive accuracy, enhance interpretability, and support scenario-based planning. Practical considerations—including data quality, computational requirements, model transparency, and the integration of human expertise—are discussed, along with emerging innovations such as transformer-based time-series models and hybrid AI–economics frameworks. The study concludes that intelligent analytical systems hold significant potential to transform economic forecasting by enabling more timely, data-driven, and resilient decision-making across policy and industry contexts.
Procedural Principles for Organizing General and Special Clerical Work
The effective organization of clerical work in government agencies and organizations creates favorable conditions for an efficient administrative system. In public administration, all incoming citizen appeals, petitions, complaints, proposals, and official letters should be handled with care. Their proper formalization must be carried out, and the content of each document should be thoroughly studied and analyzed. Based on these analyses, timely and objective responses should be provided to citizens’ inquiries. Clerical work (records management) is one of the most important functional areas in administration. The high-level performance of any institution or enterprise largely depends on how well its clerical system is organized. This article defines the concepts of general and special clerical work, outlines the legal and procedural foundations for their implementation, and describes key principles and steps for effective organization of the clerical work system. Emphasis is placed on the unified handling of documentation, the division of clerical tasks, and the adoption of modern electronic record-keeping to improve efficiency and responsiveness in administrative operations.
Bioecological Traits and Ecological–Agronomic Hazards of the Invasive Species Xanthium strumarium L. in Arid Regions of Azerbaijan
Xanthium strumarium L. is a globally distributed invasive weed whose rapid ecological expansion poses growing risks to agricultural productivity and biodiversity. This study investigates the bioecological traits and harmful impacts of X. strumarium within the Kangarli District of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, where the species has become increasingly dominant. Field research conducted between September and November 2025 employed systematic morphological assessment, phenological observations, and habitat-based evaluations to determine the plant’s ecological behavior and dispersal mechanisms. Findings reveal pronounced ecological plasticity, including tolerance to drought, frost, and saline soils, alongside aggressive competitive interactions that suppress crop yields, alter native plant communities, and generate livestock and human health concerns due to its barbed fruits. The study highlights X. strumarium as a significant ecological and economic threat, underscoring the urgent need for continuous monitoring, targeted management interventions, and long-term invasion-risk modeling.