Acta Globalis Humanitatis et Linguarum (3030-1718) is a peer-reviewed, international journal dedicated to advancing knowledge across the fields of humanistic and linguistic sciences. The journal publishes innovative, interdisciplinary research that bridges literature, philosophy, linguistics, cultural studies, history, and the social sciences. We welcome contributions that challenge conventional theories, encourage cross-cultural dialogue, and explore both theoretical and practical dimensions of human experience. Our mission is to provide an academic platform for researchers, educators, and practitioners committed to enhancing scholarly inquiry and understanding in the global humanistic tradition. Acta Globalis Humanitatis et Linguarum is devoted to promoting high-quality research with worldwide relevance and invites submissions from scholars across the globe, fostering a diverse and inclusive academic conversation.
The Role of Gender Category in Homonym Formation in the German Language
This study investigates the role of grammatical gender in the formation, differentiation, and stabilization of homonyms in the German language. Drawing on lexicographic sources, corpus data, and theoretical literature, the analysis demonstrates that gender functions as a key structural mechanism that enables phonologically identical nouns to maintain distinct meanings. Homonymous sets such as Band, See, and Teil show that gender provides essential morphological cues that prevent lexical merger and support semantic clarity. Diachronic evidence further reveals that gender often preserves distinctions between historically unrelated roots that have converged phonetically over time. In contemporary usage, gender agreement within noun phrases offers redundant syntactic signals that facilitate efficient disambiguation, aligning with psycholinguistic findings on gender-based lexical access. The results highlight the broader linguistic, cognitive, and pedagogical significance of gender as a central organizing principle within the German lexicon.
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How Music Makes You Fluent: Learning English Through Songs
This study investigates the impact of learning English through songs on vocabulary acquisition, pronunciation, and listening comprehension. Music has long been recognized as a powerful tool in language learning, combining rhythm, melody, and meaningful content to enhance cognitive and affective processes. Twenty English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners participated in a four-week intervention involving structured activities, including guided listening, lyric analysis, shadowing, and comprehension tasks. A curated playlist of pop, acoustic, soft rock, and indie songs was used, selected for clear pronunciation, repetitive structures, and appropriate lexical content. Pre- and post-tests measured vocabulary knowledge, pronunciation accuracy, and listening comprehension, while qualitative feedback captured learners’ perceptions and motivation. Results indicated significant improvements: vocabulary scores increased by 32%, pronunciation by 22%, and listening comprehension by 28%. Pop songs yielded the greatest gains in vocabulary and listening, while acoustic and soft rock songs enhanced prosodic features. Learners reported increased engagement, reduced anxiety, and enhanced motivation, highlighting the affective benefits of music-based learning. These findings support the integration of songs into language instruction as an effective, enjoyable, and culturally enriching approach. Music not only reinforces linguistic skills but also fosters fluency, confidence, and long-term retention, offering a holistic strategy for English language acquisition.
Learning Through the Lens of Realia: Expanding Language Skills with Real-World Contexts
This study explores the effectiveness of using realia—authentic, real-world objects and materials—in enhancing language skills in second language acquisition. The research investigates how real-world contexts can expand vocabulary, improve listening comprehension, and foster fluency in speaking. Data were collected through pre- and post-assessments, classroom observations, and student surveys, involving 30 language learners. Results indicate significant improvements across key language domains: a 20% increase in vocabulary usage, a 17% enhancement in listening comprehension, and a 12% boost in speaking fluency. Classroom interactions showed that realia stimulated greater student engagement, promoting more spontaneous language use and peer-to-peer communication. Survey responses revealed high levels of student satisfaction, with 85% of participants finding realia to be a useful tool in language learning. However, some learners faced challenges in relating unfamiliar objects to language concepts, highlighting the need for contextual support. The findings suggest that realia can effectively bridge the gap between classroom instruction and real-world application, making language learning more relevant and meaningful. Future research should explore the long-term effects of realia and its applicability across diverse student populations to further validate its pedagogical value.
Exploring the Translation of Colloquial Expressions: A Sociolinguistic Perspective
This study investigates the translation of colloquial expressions through a sociolinguistic lens, emphasizing the interplay between linguistic equivalence, cultural mediation, and social identity. Colloquial language—including slang, idioms, and informal speech—reflects speakers’ cultural values, group membership, and evolving communication norms. Translating such expressions presents challenges due to their cultural embeddedness, contextual variability, and rapid evolution across digital platforms. Using examples from English and Azerbaijani, the paper analyzes how translators navigate these challenges through adaptive strategies such as borrowing, paraphrasing, domestication, and contextual adaptation. It argues that translators function as cultural mediators, preserving not only semantic meaning but also social and pragmatic nuances that define colloquial discourse. The study highlights the increasing influence of social media on the emergence and diffusion of slang, underscoring the need for translators to maintain cultural awareness and linguistic flexibility in the digital age.
The Linguistic Mirror of Emotion: How Language Shapes Feelings Across Cultures
Language is more than a vehicle for communication – it is a mirror reflecting and shaping human emotion across different cultural worlds. This article explores how linguistic structures, vocabularies, and metaphors influence the way people perceive, categorize, and express their feelings. Drawing on evidence from linguistics, anthropology, and psychology, we find that languages encode emotion in culturally specific ways, from unique “untranslatable” emotion words to grammar and idioms that frame feelings differently. Cross-cultural studies show that speakers of different languages may actually perceive emotional expressions differently, supporting the view that language helps constitute emotional experience (Gendron et al., 2014; Jack et al., 2012). Moreover, bilingual individuals often report shifts in emotional intensity and expression when switching languages, highlighting the intimate link between language and feeling. While certain basic emotions may be pan-human, their linguistic labeling and interpretation are far from universal. Understanding these nuances has profound implications for cross-cultural communication, mental health, and global empathy. In sum, our emotions are not just biologically “hard-wired” responses but are also shaped and sharpened by the words and concepts our languages provide.
Challenges in the Translation of Religious Culturonyms
The translation of culturonyms—culture-specific lexical items tied to the religious practices, beliefs, institutions, or worldviews of a source culture—poses myriad challenges. This paper examines the difficulties inherent in rendering religious culturonyms from a source into a target language and culture. Drawing on prior research in translation studies and selected case examples from sacred texts and novels, the study identifies major obstacles—semantic non-equivalence, cultural invisibility, translator competence, and audience reception—and outlines strategies commonly adopted (domesticating, foreignizing, explanatory) together with their trade-offs. The findings suggest that no single strategy suffices; rather, a context-sensitive balance is required, and translators must possess deep cultural and religious literacy. The conclusion considers implications for translator training and future research.
Characteristics of Theatre Language and Its Translation Challenges
Theatre language is a distinctive mode of communication characterized by its performative nature, oral orientation, and integration within a multimodal artistic context. Unlike traditional literary texts, dramatic language functions not only as written material but as a blueprint for live performance, combining dialogue, physical gestures, timing, and spatial dynamics to create a holistic theatrical experience. Translating theatre texts, therefore, presents unique challenges that extend beyond linguistic equivalence to encompass cultural specificity, performative feasibility, and audience reception. This paper investigates the essential characteristics of theatre language and explores the inherent difficulties encountered in its translation across languages and cultures. Employing a qualitative methodology that includes a comprehensive literature review and comparative textual analysis of selected dramatic works—ranging from Shakespearean classics to contemporary European drama—the study identifies key features such as colloquialism, dialectal variation, wordplay, and multimodality that complicate the translation process. The results reveal that theatre translation requires creative strategies to negotiate cultural references, humor, and performative constraints, often demanding adaptive solutions rather than literal translations. The discussion highlights the translator’s role as a cultural mediator and creative collaborator within the theatrical production process. This paper contributes to the growing field of theatre translation studies by emphasizing the interplay between language, culture, and performance, and suggests directions for future research including empirical studies on audience reception and collaborative translation practices.
The Role of Specialized Translation in Enhancing Cross-cultural Legal and Medical Communication
Translating for specific purposes, particularly in legal and medical contexts, involves complex challenges that extend far beyond achieving linguistic equivalence. These highly specialized domains demand not only advanced linguistic proficiency but also subject-matter expertise, cultural competence, and sensitivity to ethical and legal implications. Within cross-cultural communication, translators function as both linguistic and cultural mediators, ensuring that meaning is conveyed accurately across differing systems of law, healthcare, and professional discourse. This article examines the multifaceted nature of legal and medical translation by drawing upon functionalist translation theories, including Skopos Theory and discourse-based approaches, alongside real-world case studies. It explores central issues such as conceptual non-equivalence, terminological precision, pragmatic adaptation, and the ethical dilemmas inherent in translating sensitive or legally binding information. The discussion emphasizes how translation decisions can influence legal justice, patient safety, and overall communicative effectiveness in multicultural settings. By integrating theoretical insight with practical examples, the study identifies best practices and proposes ethical guidelines for translators and institutions engaged in these high-stakes fields. Ultimately, it underscores the translator’s crucial role in maintaining linguistic fidelity, cultural coherence, and professional integrity. Specialized translation, as argued, is not merely a technical act of language transfer but a vital component in safeguarding cross-cultural understanding, legal rights, and public health outcomes.
Legal translation Medical translation Terminology Equivalence Cultural mediation Translation ethics
The Socio-Pragmatics of Digital Slang in Post-Pandemic Online Communities
The COVID-19 epidemic significantly altered the lines separating work, education, and personal life by increasing people's dependence on digital communication and changing how people use language in online contexts. Digital slang is analyzed in this theoretical article as a socio-pragmatic phenomena that illustrates how intimacy, identity, and ideology interact in post-pandemic communication. The research conceptualizes how slang serves interpersonal, expressive, identity, and ideological purposes in digital discourse by drawing on Speech Act Theory, Politeness Theory, and Relevance Theory. According to the investigation, slang serves as a tool for subtle power negotiation, in-group connection, and emotional attunement, especially in Zoom culture and online communities like TikTok and Discord. This study frames digital slang as a language strategy of adaptation, an dynamic reflection of how people reconstruct social meaning, emotion, and belonging in mediated interaction, by combining viewpoints from digital ethnography and affective pragmatics. In the end, comprehending digital slang is equivalent to comprehending the sociocultural processes by which language continuously adjusts to the complex post-pandemic environment.
Lexical-Semantic Features of Musical Culturonyms
This study investigates the lexical-semantic features of musical culturonyms—lexical items that denote culturally specific concepts related to music, such as genres, instruments, performers, movements, and musical traditions. Drawing from a corpus of 150 terms, the research employs methods from lexical semantics, cultural linguistics, and corpus analysis to classify and analyze the semantic structures, etymologies, and contextual uses of these terms in English and cross-linguistically. The findings reveal that musical culturonyms are semantically stratified units with both denotative and connotative layers of meaning. Many of them originate as loanwords or untranslated borrowings that retain strong cultural identities, such as flamenco, sitar, or opera. Others, such as punk, hip-hop, or K-pop, have developed polysemous meanings that extend beyond the musical domain into ideology, fashion, and identity politics. Corpus-based analysis further shows that these terms exhibit distinctive collocational behavior, reflecting their embeddedness in specific cultural discourses.
Orthographic Challenges in the Transliteration of Proper Names between the Languages with Different Spelling
Transliteration, the process of converting words from one writing system into another, presents significant orthographic challenges, especially when applied to proper names. Unlike common nouns, proper names often carry cultural, historical, and phonetic nuances that resist straightforward conversion. This paper explores the orthographic inconsistencies and difficulties that arise in the transliteration of proper names across different language systems, highlighting the interplay between phonological representation, script limitations, and cultural context. A central issue in transliteration is the lack of one-to-one phoneme-to-grapheme correspondence between languages. For instance, sounds present in one language may not exist in another, leading to approximations that can distort the original pronunciation or meaning of a name. This is especially problematic in cases involving names from languages with non-Latin scripts, such as Arabic, Chinese, or Russian, where multiple systems of transliteration coexist (e.g., Pinyin vs. Wade-Giles for Chinese), further complicating standardization and international recognition. Additionally, transliteration often raises questions of identity and authenticity. A name’s spelling can influence perceptions of nationality, ethnicity, or even social status, making orthographic choices politically and personally sensitive. For example, individuals may choose non-standard transliterations to retain specific cultural markers or to ease integration into a foreign linguistic environment. The paper also discusses the role of official transliteration policies and their impact on global communication, data processing, and legal documentation. Inconsistent transliteration standards across government agencies, international bodies, and digital platforms can lead to confusion, duplication, and errors in databases and legal records. By examining case studies and cross-linguistic examples, this study underscores the need for more nuanced, context-aware transliteration frameworks. It concludes by advocating for interdisciplinary collaboration between linguists, policymakers, and technologists to create transliteration systems that balance phonetic accuracy, orthographic clarity, and cultural sensitivity.
Stylistic Functions of Auxiliary Parts of Speech in Folklore Language
This study explores the synonymy of auxiliary parts of speech in Azerbaijani folklore texts, based on dialect materials from Nakhchivan. It highlights the semantic and stylistic functions of auxiliary units in enriching expressiveness, avoiding repetition, and shaping the poetic dynamics of folklore language. The analysis shows that affixes, conjunctions, and idiomatic forms not only serve as grammatical markers but also act as stylistic tools that enhance emotional intensity and artistic effect. Through a range of synonymous forms such as kimi, qədər, sarı, tərəf, ötrü, üçün, and others, folklore discourse demonstrates flexibility, creativity, and variation, reflecting the internal dynamics of the oral tradition. The study concludes that synonymy in auxiliary parts of speech contributes to semantic richness, stylistic diversity, and the overall aesthetic value of folklore texts.
Culturonyms in Fashion Discourse: A Linguistic and cultural Perspective
This study explores the role of culturonyms—terms derived from cultural or national identifiers—in contemporary fashion discourse. As fashion becomes increasingly globalized, linguistic markers of culture gain prominence in brand narratives, product naming, and consumer engagement. Using a corpus-based analysis of fashion media and advertising texts, this research investigates how culturonyms are employed to construct identity, authenticity, and prestige. The findings reveal that culturonyms serve as powerful semiotic tools, encoding cultural meanings that shape consumer perception and market positioning. The study contributes to understanding the intersection of language, culture, and commerce in the fashion industry.
The Evolution of Linguistic Dimensions and the Emergence of Aletheiatics: From Semantic Foundations to the Recognition of Speech's Inherent Falsity
This paper examines the historical development of linguistic theory through its three traditional dimensions—semantics, syntax, and pragmatics—arguing that each represents an evolutionary step toward disambiguation that ultimately fails to achieve its goal. Drawing from classical, modern, and contemporary theorists, we demonstrate how persistent misunderstandings reveal the fundamental incompatibility between language and truth. We propose "Aletheiatics" as a fourth dimension that recognizes silence as the only authentic expression of truth, not as surrender but as acknowledgment of the inherent contradiction between speech and certainty.
Directions of Regulating the Environment That Affect the Level of Development of Students' Intellectual Skills
The article shows that intellectual and creative activity of everyone living in the "Techno-democratic information society" becomes a paramount requirement, and for this it is desirable for every member of this society to rise to the level of a subject of intellectual skills, they must have information culture and technological literacy. The research presents the characteristics of "Education 4.0", which provides an effective environment for the formation of intellectual skills, and the groups of intellectual skills that must be formed in this system, formulated on a certain logical basis. The article draws attention to the fact that these tasks are designed on the principle of modeling the structure of various intellectual skills. As students complete them, they acquire intellectual skills such as determining the purpose of their work, systematizing educational material from this point of view, independently collecting material, etc. The work focuses on the didactic principles that are necessary for selecting and systematizing tasks to be applied for the purpose of forming intellectual skills, and organizing students' activities on them.
A Review of Classical International Law and the Recognition of States
Among the issues answered in this study is whether the recognition and status of countries before and after separation can affect the legitimacy of independence and the right to self-determination of nations or not. In the course of this issue, the question of why, despite the lack of recognition of states and the illegitimacy of independence in light of the provisions of international law, some nations still emphasize the right to self-determination and secession is addressed. And they prefer it to territorial integrity. By using descriptive and analytical research methods, we have achieved the above objectives. The findings indicate that independent countries have equal sovereignty. Therefore, for a country to have the right to independent sovereignty and to enjoy such a right on the international stage, it must be recognized by the international community or, at least, by one country, the most important of which are its neighbors. It can perhaps be said that recognition is the first necessary step towards achieving legal identity. Recognition of countries is a political act that has only legal effects and consequences, and therefore the act of recognition itself is not an international legal act. No country has a duty to officially recognize another country or government unless the interests of the recognizing country require it, and no country has the right to be the object of recognition and demand it from others. If a country, despite having all the characteristics described in international relations or in the decisions of the International Court of Justice (territory - population - government and sovereignty), is not recognized as a state, it cannot be considered a subject of international law. For example, a country of one billion people, such as the People's Republic of China, has not been recognized as a large number of states for many years. From a legal perspective, membership in the United Nations cannot create an obligation for others to recognize it.
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Legal System: Benefits, Risks, Legal, and Ethical Challenges
The role of artificial intelligence (AI) in the legal field holds significant potential for development. The application of this technology can make the legal system faster, more accurate, and more accessible. However, the use of AI also introduces ethical, legal, and social issues. In the future, appropriate legislative initiatives and ethical regulations must be established to ensure that the use of AI in the legal domain aligns with the principles of justice, transparency, and the rule of law. From this perspective, the article explores the development of AI, its role in the legal field, how this technology will impact the legal system in the future, its benefits and risks, and the associated ethical and legal issues.
Factors Affecting International Students’ Academic Achievement in Azerbaijan
The various challenges faced by international students have been investigated in most countries. However, this study was the first to investigate international students’ challenges in their academic life in Azerbaijan and how their academic achievement is affected by academic, social, cultural, and psychological factors. Its purpose was to raise awareness of the problems of international students so as to contribute to the internationalization of universities by developing more appropriate strategies. This exploratory study applied a qualitative research design. It was determined that international learners’ main challenges dealt primarily with attitude and communication, as well as academic factors. In-depth analysis yielded unexpected results: Whereas the academically satisfied students perceived academic factors as the main impactful factors affecting their academic achievement, for the academically unsatisfied students, psychological factors were more prominent. Moreover, the international students were not provided with efficient institutional supports and assistance to overcome challenges. This research is intended to catalyze future studies and help with developing more focused, purposeful, and solution-oriented approaches in this field.
Transfer Pricing Management in the Context of Digitalization
The article examines the current issues of transfer pricing management in the modern context, particularly in light of the digital transformation of Ukraine’s tax and customs authorities. It is proven that Ukrainian legislation contains significant shortcomings, especially the terminological conflict between the Net Profit Method, as defined in the Tax Code of Ukraine, and the Transactional Net Margin Method, established in OECD Guidelines. This creates legal uncertainty, increases tax risks for businesses, and complicates international cooperation. The study analyzes the impact of digitalization processes, including Ukraine's accession to mechanisms such as the CbC MCAA, CRS MCAA, and the implementation of the NCTS system, on transfer pricing control and access to reliable comparable data. The scientific novelty lies in the comprehensive analysis of the interrelation between the digital transformation of fiscal authorities and the effectiveness of transfer pricing regulation, as well as in the proposals for harmonizing Ukrainian legislation with international standards. Among the practical outcomes of the research: main challenges in applying TNMM in Ukraine are identified; internal policy recommendations for transfer pricing are proposed. the importance of functional analysis, comparability adjustments, and regular updates to pricing models is substantiated; practice-oriented recommendations are provided for enterprises on documentation, tested party selection, and profitability indicators. The findings can be used to improve national legislation in the field of transfer pricing, to develop internal tax optimization policies, and to conduct regular audits of pricing strategies, especially in cases of capital structure changes and shifts in business conditions.
The Secrets of Success in Europe’s Democratic Economic Model
This paper investigates why Europe’s democratic, social-market economies (exemplified by Germany, Sweden, and the Netherlands) are widely seen as successful. We explore the policy tools, institutional design, social spending programs, governance mechanisms, and levels of public trust that underpin this success. Drawing on a comparative approach and recent literature, we identify key factors: strong democratic institutions with transparent, rule-based decision-making; extensive welfare states that reduce poverty and inequality; and high levels of social and political trust that reinforce cooperation. For example, the EU’s “unique social market economy” combines growth with poverty reduction. Nordics exemplify this: compressed wage structures, high public welfare spending, and coordinated labor markets that foster both productivity and equity. Notably, Europe’s democracies exhibit more stable, predictable growth and lower crisis incidence than authoritarian regimes. We use economic indicators (GDP growth, inequality, social spending, unemployment) and qualitative analysis to illustrate these dynamics. Key findings show that inclusive democratic governance and social contracts help deliver resilient economies. Our conclusions highlight the model’s resilience and its relevance for developing economies (e.g. Azerbaijan) seeking inclusive growth.
Investigating and Presenting a Structural Model of Green Human Resource Management Based on Human Resource Management Systems
Green human resource management is the most important pillar of green management and has attracted the attention of many human resource management researchers in recent years. The purpose of this study is to design a structural model of green human resource management based on human resource management systems, which has been presented for the first time in the literature on green human resource management. This study is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive-survey in terms of nature and method, and cross-sectional in terms of time. The data collection tool includes a combination of a structured questionnaire on green human resource management and a researcher-made questionnaire on human resource management systems. Convergent validity and reliability were calculated through Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The statistical population of this study includes all managers of the Fars Province Electricity Distribution Company, more than 120 people. The sample size was 92 people based on the Cochran formula and the sampling method was performed randomly. The research hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling and PLS SMART software. The research findings showed that the order of the effectiveness of the predictor variables for the realization of green human resource management is: retention, compensation, performance management, and human resource development, and the relationship between these systems and green human resource management is significant.
The Role of Environmental Education in Enhancing Public Awareness of Ecological Protection in Azerbaijan
Environmental education plays a critical role in building public awareness of ecological protection. In Azerbaijan – a country with diverse ecosystems under development pressures – this role is recognized in national laws and initiatives but faces implementation challenges. This article examines Azerbaijan’s policies, programs, and outcomes concerning environmental education and public ecological awareness. Based on a systematic review of legislative texts, national reports, NGO and government programs, and academic studies, we find that Azerbaijan has established a strong legal framework (e.g. a 2002 Law on Ecological Education and a Presidential decree in 2003), integrated environmental topics into school curricula, and launched various youth-focused campaigns. Programs such as biodiversity excursions, eco-clubs, and tree-planting camps engage students in hands-on learning (see Figure 1). However, implementation gaps remain: teaching is often theoretical, teacher training is limited, and rural populations have lower awareness (as noted by Babayeva and the 2009 National Biodiversity Report). Empirical surveys show modest public understanding of issues like ecological footprints. International research confirms that well-designed environmental education significantly improves knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. In Azerbaijan’s context, efforts such as the annual “Day of Biodiversity” and NGO-led eco-initiatives have increased visibility, but systematic evaluation is scarce. This article synthesizes existing literature and data to assess current strengths and weaknesses. We conclude that while Azerbaijan’s government has recognized environmental education’s importance through laws and programs, more emphasis is needed on experiential learning, teacher support, and measurable outreach to ensure that environmental knowledge translates into active public stewardship of the environment.
Max Weber's Bureaucratic Theory: Its Strengths and Weaknesses, and Adaptation to the Modern Era – A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis
This paper presents a theoretical and empirical analysis of the positive and negative aspects of Max Weber’s theory of bureaucracy. An anonymous survey was conducted as the primary empirical method, carried out within a private company based in Warsaw. The study takes into account both classical and modern elements of bureaucracy, including seemingly contradictory dynamics. For the identified negative aspects, potential solutions are proposed, while methods for further motivating the positive aspects are also discussed. In conclusion, the paper offers findings and recommendations based on both theoretical insights and empirical data. The events describe the stages through which the regime's impacts observed in professional life extend to personal life and social development.
A Review of the Chinese School of International Relations: Moral Realism
How was the term "neoclassical economics" introduced to economics and what thoughts does it imply? Is the current use of this term consistent with the initial efforts of its founders? These questions are among the categories that always occupy the minds of economic scholars. Neoclassical economics was first introduced to economics by Veblen, and it referred to the marginalist thoughts that prevailed in the last decades of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In order to escape from the classical theory of objective value, marginalists resorted to subjective preferences for determining values, hoping that by abandoning objective value, they could establish economics on a more scientific basis. Although these efforts were initially considered good advances, after a while they became so abstract that they seemed to be anything but a theory about human behavior. In this article, we will take a brief look at the scientific life of neoclassical economics to show how this intellectual tradition was formed, what its most important features were, and what it became over time. We will also show that, contrary to existing perceptions, the early thinkers of this intellectual tradition did not have an anti-historical and anti-institutional outlook.
A comprehensive overview of the international economy and its positive effects on the global economy
This article will attempt to examine the formation of a new and distinct field for economic action. This new field is called the global economy, which is a phenomenon beyond the international economy, and its nature and the fundamental phenomena influencing it are different from the international economy. In this new space, phenomena such as global capital and global value chains have taken shape, without which a proper analysis of the economic structure, both within countries and in the global environment, cannot be achieved. The style of policy-making will also be different in this new environment. In this article, we will try to show that the formation of new global phenomena has led to the formation of the global economic space, and this new space has changed the position of different countries according to their behavior and position in the new global structure. In the first part of the article, we will try to show that despite the numerous differences in the field of theories, these theories agree on the formation of the global economy and the world's entry into this new stage. Then, using sources such as the annual reports of the World Trade Organization, the International Monetary Fund, and the International Monetary Fund, we present information that shows that this transformation has indeed occurred in the space of real action and beyond theories, and that the world has entered a new space from this perspective.
Assessment of Foreign Economic Performance of Ukrainian Enterprises in the Context of Currency Fluctuations
This article offers a comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of foreign economic activity (FEA) among Ukrainian enterprises in the context of intense currency fluctuations caused by prolonged martial law and geopolitical instability. The study focuses on the macroeconomic dynamics of Ukraine’s foreign trade from 2022 to 2025, with particular attention to exports, imports, trade balance, and the trade coverage ratio. Based on official statistics and academic research, it reveals how currency devaluation has had both positive and negative implications: while it enhances the price competitiveness of Ukrainian exports, it also increases the cost of critical imports and logistical operations, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The study identifies several structural challenges, such as limited access to financial instruments for currency risk management, a volatile regulatory environment, and uneven trade performance across regions. As part of the analysis, the author proposes targeted measures to improve FEA performance, including the development of foreign exchange insurance mechanisms, simplification of trade procedures through digital platforms, and broader international cooperation to support wartime exports. Additionally, the article highlights the importance of improving financial literacy among enterprise managers and fostering adaptive capacity across sectors. The findings provide both theoretical insights and practical recommendations aimed at enhancing Ukraine’s export potential, economic resilience, and long-term strategic positioning in global markets. The study contributes to current discussions on how to strengthen foreign trade under conditions of crisis and recovery.
Integrating Music into Curriculum Design: Strategies for Enhancing Student Achievement and Cognitive Skills
This study investigates the effects of integrating music into elementary-level math and language arts instruction over 12 weeks. Sixty students were divided into experimental and control groups; only the experimental group received music-enhanced lessons. Academic tests and working memory assessments were administered before and after the intervention. Results showed that students exposed to music-integrated teaching outperformed controls in standardized tests—especially in mathematics—and demonstrated significantly improved working memory. Teacher interviews highlighted increased engagement and effective use of mnemonic songs. These findings suggest that incorporating music into curricula can support both academic achievement and cognitive development. Broader implementation and further research are encouraged.
Exploring the Relationship Between Teacher Reflective Practices and Student Engagement in ESL Classrooms
This study explores the impact of teacher reflective practice on student engagement in secondary-level ESL classrooms in Nakhchivan. Rooted in Schön’s reflective teaching model, the research investigates whether reflection frequency and depth correlate with cognitive, emotional, and behavioral aspects of engagement. Using a mixed-methods design, 20 ESL teachers were split into reflective (journaling and group reflection) and control groups. Engagement levels of 240 students (ages 13–16) were assessed via surveys and observations. Results show significant positive correlations between teacher reflection and student engagement (r = 0.68 for frequency; r = 0.61 for depth, p < .01). Reflective teachers’ students reported higher motivation and participation (mean score 4.28 vs. 3.13). Qualitative findings linked reflection to more empathetic teaching, adaptive methods, and a greater student voice. This highlights the value of structured reflection in enhancing ESL learning experiences.
Protection of Cultural Heritage and Its Economic Benefit
Cultural heritage plays a vital role in shaping national identity and fostering community cohesion. Beyond its intrinsic value, cultural heritage has significant economic implications, especially in sectors such as tourism, education, and local craftsmanship. This study examines the relationship between the protection of cultural heritage and its economic benefits, using comparative analysis and case studies from multiple countries. The findings reveal that investment in cultural heritage preservation correlates with increased economic returns, particularly through sustainable tourism and job creation. Policy recommendations are provided to integrate heritage preservation into broader economic planning.
Enhancing University Learners’ Mastery of Present and Past Tenses through the Focused Divided Verb Teaching Method
This study examines the effectiveness of the Focused Divided Verb Teaching Method in improving first-year university students’ proficiency in using present and past tenses accurately. The research was conducted with 80 students at Ganja State University, Ganja City, Azerbaijan, employing a combination of pre-tests, targeted instruction, and post-tests to assess grammatical development. Results indicated substantial progress, with 28 students achieving over 70% accuracy in verb usage by the conclusion of the study. Participants reported that this method offered clearer and more effective guidance than traditional teaching techniques, particularly in distinguishing between main and helping verbs. Furthermore, significant enhancements were observed in both speaking and writing abilities, linked to a deeper understanding of tense application. The findings highlight the method’s potential to advance English grammar competence, providing valuable insights for pedagogical strategies in higher education, especially within English for Specific Purposes (ESP) programs.