Acta Globalis Humanitatis et Linguarum (3030-1718) is a peer-reviewed, international journal dedicated to advancing knowledge across the fields of humanistic and linguistic sciences. The journal publishes innovative, interdisciplinary research that bridges literature, philosophy, linguistics, cultural studies, history, and the social sciences. We welcome contributions that challenge conventional theories, encourage cross-cultural dialogue, and explore both theoretical and practical dimensions of human experience. Our mission is to provide an academic platform for researchers, educators, and practitioners committed to enhancing scholarly inquiry and understanding in the global humanistic tradition. Acta Globalis Humanitatis et Linguarum is devoted to promoting high-quality research with worldwide relevance and invites submissions from scholars across the globe, fostering a diverse and inclusive academic conversation.
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Assessing the Origins, Symbolic Significance, and Social Meaning of Dalma-Type Impressed Pottery on the Basis of Evidence from Nakhchivan and Karabakh
The impressed pottery of the Dalma tradition was distributed across a wide area extending from the Urmia Basin to the South Caucasus during the fifth millennium BCE. However, the mechanisms underlying this distribution remain insufficiently understood. The Late Neolithic layer uncovered during the 2019 excavations at Nakhchivan Tepe provides an opportunity to reassess this issue. At Nakhchivan Tepe, impressed pottery was recorded stratigraphically prior to painted pottery, a sequence that differs significantly from the classical Dalma stratigraphy. Petrographic and archaeometric analyses indicate the coexistence of stylistic homogeneity and raw material variability. This suggests that the spread of this pottery tradition was associated less with the exchange of finished products than with the transmission of technological knowledge. Radiocarbon dates from Neolithic sites in the Karabakh-Mil Plain indicate an earlier presence of this tradition in the South Caucasus than in the Urmia Basin. These results support a multi-centred model involving Karabakh, Nakhchivan, and the Urmia Basin.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Narrating Trauma and Resistance: A Comparative Transitivity Analysis of My Story and When I Hit You
This article explores how trauma and existential crises are articulated in My Story (1976) by Kamala Das and When I Hit You (2017) by Meena Kandasamy through distinct narrative and stylistic choices. Drawing on Halliday's transitivity framework (1985), we examine how each author's use of language reveals their psychological landscapes. The transitivity analysis of selected autobiographies showed that in My Story, mental processes were used more to narrate the experiences of trauma and existential crises, whereas in When I Hit You, the material process is used more, which points to the intensity of domestic violence inflicted upon the protagonist. Thus, the authors’ differing narrative approaches and introspective recollection versus confrontational exposure highlight how autobiographical writing becomes a space for both survival and resistance. The emotional depth of both texts aligns with clinical descriptions of PTSD outlined in the DSM-5, demonstrating a convergence between literary and psychological expressions of trauma. Together, these works exemplify how women's autobiographies can transform personal suffering into powerful critiques of patriarchal violence.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shahila Zafar, Aadra A. Chandran (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Linguocultural Features of Phraseological Units in Azerbaijani and French
This study investigates the linguocultural features of phraseological units in Azerbaijani and French, focusing on how idiomatic expressions encode cultural values, worldviews, and social norms specific to each linguistic community. Adopting a corpus-based comparative approach, the research analyzes a purposively selected corpus of 120 phraseological units drawn from authoritative phraseological dictionaries, literary texts, and contemporary written sources in both languages. The analysis examines structural, semantic, and cultural dimensions of the selected units, with particular attention to cases of full equivalence, partial equivalence, and lacunarity. The findings reveal that while both languages share a number of universal conceptual domains — including family relations, natural phenomena, time, and moral values — the cultural coding of these domains through phraseological form is largely language-specific. Azerbaijani phraseology reflects nomadic and agrarian heritage, Islamic values, and oral folk tradition, whereas French phraseology bears the imprint of Greco-Roman antiquity, Christian culture, and a long literary tradition. The study argues that phraseological units constitute a primary repository of linguocultural memory and that cross-linguistic comparison of such units offers a productive methodology for the analysis of cultural cognition. These findings have implications for lexicography, translation studies, and foreign language teaching.
Conceptual Metaphor and Metonymy in Cognitive Linguistics: Theoretical Foundations, Interactions, and Cross-Domain Mappings
Since the publication of Lakoff and Johnson’s Metaphors We Live By in 1980, conceptual metaphor theory has fundamentally transformed the linguistic and cognitive understanding of figurative language. Rather than treating metaphor and metonymy as rhetorical ornaments confined to literary or poetic discourse, cognitive linguistics reconceptualizes them as basic mechanisms of human thought and conceptual organization that permeate everyday language, reasoning, and communication. This article examines the theoretical foundations of conceptual metaphor theory and conceptual metonymy, analyzes their structural properties and cognitive functions, and investigates the nature of their interaction in actual linguistic data. Drawing on corpus-based and discourse-analytical approaches, the study identifies the primary types of conceptual metaphor and metonymy, discusses the principles governing cross-domain mapping, and examines the relationship between metaphor and metonymy as partially overlapping cognitive mechanisms. The analysis demonstrates that conceptual metaphor and metonymy are not merely linguistic phenomena but reflect deep-seated patterns of human embodied cognition, cultural knowledge, and experiential grounding. The article argues that their systematic study contributes not only to theoretical linguistics but also to applied fields including discourse analysis, cognitive semantics, and language pedagogy.
The Most Effective Strategies in Foreign Language Acquisition
This study explores the most effective techniques in foreign language acquisition, focusing on cognitive, communicative, and technology-enhanced strategies that support successful learning outcomes. Drawing on existing research and pedagogical practices, the paper examines how methods such as spaced repetition, immersion, task-based learning, and interaction contribute to language proficiency. A qualitative-descriptive approach was employed through a systematic review of academic literature, language learning frameworks, and empirical studies. The findings indicate that no single technique guarantees success; rather, a combination of methods tailored to learners’ needs yields the best results. Techniques that promote active engagement, meaningful communication, and long-term memory retention are particularly effective. Additionally, the integration of digital tools enhances accessibility and motivation. The study concludes that effective language acquisition depends on strategic method selection, learner autonomy, and consistent practice. These insights provide practical implications for educators and learners seeking to optimize language learning processes.
A Qualitative Analysis of Discourse Markers in the Consultation Paper on Climate Change by the Liberal Democrats
The issue of climate change is one of the key foci of British politics and social activism. Whilst there are multiple studies on the climate change discourses by the major political actors in the United Kingdom (the UK), research on the climate change discourse by the Liberal Democrats seems to be under-represented. Acknowledging the gap in scholarship, this article presents a qualitative study that seeks to learn about the discourse on climate change by the Liberal Democrats. Specifically, the study focuses on identifying and discussing the pragmatic roles of DMs in the Consultation Paper on Climate Change by the Liberal Democrats. The results of the qualitative analysis show that the Consultation Paper on Climate Change is marked by such DMs as (i) furthermore, (ii) although, (iii) but, (iv) however, (v) if, (vi) in particular, (vii) specifically, and (viii) more specifically, which play a range of pragmatic roles that are further discussed in the article.
French Lexicon in English Diplomatic Discourse: Prestige, Precision, and Functional Hierarchy
This article examines the role and ongoing relevance of French lexical borrowings in contemporary English diplomatic discourse. Although English is the dominant global language of international relations, its formal, institutional, and professional registers remain strongly influenced by vocabulary of French origin. These lexical units function as markers of prestige and authority while also enhancing semantic precision, especially in legal, procedural, and political contexts where ambiguity must be minimized. The study argues that French borrowings should not be viewed merely as historical remnants of linguistic contact, but as essential tools that ensure clarity, neutrality, and stylistic refinement in communication of diplomats. Through a systematic analysis of key lexical units of French derivation, the paper shows how they contribute to hierarchical register formation and enable nuanced expression in complex communicative environments. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate that the coexistence of Germanic and Romance elements in English creates a highly flexible linguistic system. This dual structure allows speakers to shift between emotional expressiveness and institutional formality, thereby addressing the diverse communicative requirements of modern diplomatic discourse.
[RETRACTED] Human-AI Collaborative Feedback in Translator Training: A Mixed-Methods Study of Translation Quality, Revision Behavior, and Learner Perceptions
This article has been retracted at the author's request for technical and administrative reasons. The retraction was processed on 20 April 2026. The DOI remains active as a permanent record of this retraction.
Investigating Strategies for Ensuring Equitable Access to Quality Education in Uganda
In addition to being a basic human right, equitable access to high-quality education is essential to sustainable development. This study explores strategies for ensuring equitable access to high-quality education in Uganda using a qualitative research design. Fifty-six people from 12 Ugandan universities participated in the study. Purposive sampling was used in the participant selection process to guarantee a varied representation of experiences and points of view. Through semi-structured interviews, data were gathered and subsequently analysed using thematic analysis. The results highlight the significance of focused funding in underprivileged regions, ongoing professional development for educators, community engagement, equitable policies, and reliable data systems. Policymakers, educators, and other stakeholders may work to ensure that all Ugandans have equitable access to high-quality education by focusing on these important areas.
Lexical-Stylistic Features in Media Discourse
This study investigates the lexical-stylistic features of media discourse, focusing on how linguistic choices shape meaning, influence interpretation, and reflect ideological positions. Drawing on a corpus of 50 media texts, including news articles, editorials, and social media posts, the research applies a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative frequency analysis with qualitative discourse interpretation. The findings reveal that media discourse is characterized by the extensive use of evaluative vocabulary, loaded language, and recurring lexical patterns that reinforce key themes. In addition, stylistic devices such as metaphor, hyperbole, rhetorical questions, and parallelism are widely employed to enhance engagement and emotional impact. The study also demonstrates that lexical and stylistic features function together as framing mechanisms, guiding audience perception by emphasizing certain aspects of reality while downplaying others. Differences across media platforms are identified, with digital media showing a higher tendency toward informal, expressive, and attention-driven language. These results support existing theories in stylistics and critical discourse analysis, highlighting the persuasive and constructive nature of media language. Overall, the study underscores the importance of critical language awareness in understanding media messages and contributes to ongoing research on discourse, communication, and ideology.
Semantic Features of Azerbaijani Proverbs Containing the Word “Mountain”
This study investigates the semantic features of Azerbaijani proverbs containing the word "mountain." The primary objective is to identify the meanings, functions, and cultural values conveyed by the "mountain" metaphor within these proverbs. The research is oriented toward understanding the multi-layered semantic structures of proverbs from both linguistic and cultural perspectives. Within the scope of the study, phraseological units and instances of metaphorical extension were analyzed, revealing both literal and figurative meanings of the term "mountain." The semantic analysis demonstrates that in Azerbaijani proverbs, the concept of "mountain" is associated with notions of stability, strength, patience, and challenge. The contextual usage of various examples is explicated through qualitative semantic and phraseological analysis. This study provides an academic approach to examining the semantic and metaphorical richness of proverbs and highlights the role of natural elements in folk language, allowing for a deeper understanding of the complex linguistic and cultural structures embedded in proverbs.
The “Tech-Industrial Complex” and the “Oligarchy” Warning: Neologism, Intertextuality, and Prophetic Rhetoric in Biden’s 2025 Farewell Address
This article examines the stylistic architecture of President Joseph R. Biden’s January 15, 2025, farewell address through the lenses of intertextual analysis, Bakhtinian dialogism, and critical discourse analysis. Biden’s coinage of “tech-industrial complex”—a direct lexical parallel to Eisenhower’s 1961 “military-industrial complex”—represents a paradigmatic case of intertextual neologism designed to inherit the rhetorical authority of a canonical prior text. His unprecedented deployment of the term “oligarchy” to describe domestic American power dynamics marked a deliberate register shift, importing critical vocabulary previously reserved for post-Soviet states into domestic political discourse. Employing Bakhtin’s (1981) concept of the “word as half someone else’s,” Kristeva’s (1980) theory of textual absorption and transformation, and Fairclough’s (1992) framework of manifest intertextuality, the study demonstrates how Biden constructed a “farewell as warning” through systematic stylistic borrowing from Eisenhower while adapting the prophetic frame for the age of technology monopolies and social media. The analysis reveals a speech structured around ring composition, double-voiced discourse, and a productive neologism pattern that positions the address within a lineage extending from Washington (1796) through Eisenhower (1961) to the present. The findings contribute to scholarship on presidential rhetoric, political neologism, and the application of dialogic theory to contemporary political discourse.
Copyright (c) 2026 Acta Globalis Humanitatis et Linguarum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
French Literature as a Tool for Language Development: Stylistic Analysis and Pedagogical Applications in FLE and EFL Contexts
This article investigates the role of French literary texts as instruments for second and foreign language development, combining stylistic-linguistic analysis with pedagogical application within Français Langue Étrangère (FLE) and English as a Foreign Language (EFL) frameworks. Drawing upon the theoretical models of Krashen, Kramsch, Carter and Long, and Widdowson, the study examines how the distinctive stylistic features of canonical French authors—Victor Hugo, Albert Camus, Molière, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, Jacques Prévert, Voltaire, and Gustave Flaubert—contribute to vocabulary acquisition, grammatical competence, pragmatic awareness, and intercultural understanding. Each author’s prose or dramatic style is analyzed as a discrete linguistic resource: Hugo’s rhetorical abundance for advanced lexical expansion, Camus’s minimalist écriture blanche for tense-system awareness, Molière’s register variation for sociolinguistic competence, and Saint-Exupéry’s accessible symbolism for metaphorical reasoning at lower proficiency levels. The article further evaluates recent empirical evidence from cognitive linguistics and pedagogical stylistics demonstrating measurable effects of literary-stylistic instruction on second language metaphorical competence, phonological retention, and irony comprehension. A comparative analysis of literary versus non-literary texts in language classrooms confirms the superior engagement and deeper processing that literary materials generate. The findings are synthesized into a CEFR-aligned pedagogical framework mapping specific French literary works to proficiency levels and language-learning objectives, offering a structured model for integrating French literature into contemporary language curricula.
Normality After Knowledge: A TNK Account of Contemporary Pathologies
This paper proposes a formal and non-normative account of normality grounded in the Theory of Non-Knowledge (TNK). Against statistical, psychological, moral, and epistemic conceptions, it is argued that normality is not a property of agents, beliefs, or systems, but a nullificatory stabilization of contradiction within language and practice. By treating contemporary domains—semantic paradoxes, spiritual discourse, mental disorders, non-orthodox physics, libidinal action, and social coordination—as manifestations of structurally unavoidable inconsistency, this study demonstrates that appeals to “normality” function as meta-negations that close action without resolving meaning. Normality, thus reconceived, is neither truth nor health, but a contingent operational threshold produced through nullification.
Quarshie Nana Osei. African Pharmakon: The Asylum as Shrine from Slavery to the Return. University of Chicago Press. 2025. 309 pp
Pronunciation Difficulties Among Azerbaijani Learners of English: A Phonetic Analysis
English pronunciation represents one of the most challenging aspects of learning English as a foreign language, particularly for learners whose native language differs significantly from English in its phonological and articulatory structure. Azerbaijani learners frequently encounter persistent pronunciation difficulties related to unfamiliar consonant sounds, complex vowel distinctions, and suprasegmental features such as stress, rhythm, and connected speech. These challenges are largely influenced by native language interference, as learners tend to transfer established phonetic patterns and articulatory habits from their first language into English speech production. The present study aims to identify and analyze the primary pronunciation difficulties experienced by Azerbaijani learners of English and to examine the phonetic and linguistic factors contributing to these challenges. Special attention is given to problematic consonant contrasts, vowel production accuracy, and the development of appropriate stress and rhythm patterns in spoken English. The analysis demonstrates that structural differences between the Azerbaijani and English phonological systems play a significant role in shaping learners’ pronunciation and may lead to reduced intelligibility and communicative effectiveness. The findings emphasize the importance of systematic phonetic training, increased phonological awareness, and targeted instructional support in improving pronunciation skills. Strengthening learners’ phonetic competence can contribute to clearer, more intelligible speech and enhance their ability to communicate effectively in academic and professional contexts.
Toponymic Legends of the Goycha and Zangezur Regions
This article explores the ethno-cultural significance of toponymic legends within the Western Azerbaijani regions of Goycha and Zangezur. By examining oral traditions, folk etymologies, and the “memory of the land,” the study analyzes how geographic names serve as historical archives for the Azerbaijani population. The research highlights the duality of these legends: as both mystical narratives involving giants, heroes, and sacred springs, and as empirical evidence of long-term habitation. Special attention is given to the role of the Ashig (folk minstrel) tradition in preserving these names through centuries of migration and social change. Ultimately, the paper argues that the toponymy of Goycha and Zangezur constitutes a “spiritual map” that remains a central pillar of Azerbaijani collective identity.
Preserving Rhyme in Poetry Translation: The Translation of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 146 to Arabic as a Case Study
Poetry translation demonstrates a significant obstacle, which lies in seeking a balance between aesthetic elements such as rhyme and rhythm and thematic and linguistic fidelity. This study examines the impact of a rhyme-driven translation approach on achieving textual fluency, taking Arabic translations of Shakespearean poetry as a case study. The research combines qualitative textual analysis with quantitative empirical data in order to examine how rhyme preservation influences translation choices, employing a mixed-method approach. Findings reveal that prioritising rhyme while integrating domestication, literalism, adaptation, covert and overt translation, and foreignisation results in a natural and fluent target text, depending on the translator's literary and linguistic capabilities. Empirical results further confirm this fluency, as 68.41% of participants expressed that they perceived the translation as an original Arabic poem. These insights contribute to the literature on poetry translation strategies, demonstrating that a hybrid translation approach can effectively preserve both the aesthetic and structural integrity of the original.
Copyright (c) 2026 SALLAH EDDINE TAHIRI TAHIRI (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Field Doublets in the Formation of Phraseology in the German Language
This study examines the role of field doublets in the formation and development of phraseological units in the German language. Field doublets—lexical items that share a common semantic field but differ in origin, stylistic value, or historical development—are analyzed as a key mechanism underlying idiomatic expression. Drawing on qualitative corpus analysis, lexicographic data, and diachronic investigation, the study explores how doublets interact with processes of phraseological fixation, variation, and semantic specialization. The findings demonstrate that phraseological systems tend to select only one member of a doublet pair, typically favoring high-frequency, stylistically neutral, and native Germanic forms. This selective entrenchment contributes to the stability and rigidity of idioms while limiting lexical substitution. Simultaneously, doublets support functional differentiation across registers, thereby enhancing the expressive capacity of the lexicon. The study also highlights the conservative nature of phraseology, which preserves historically older lexical elements. Overall, the interaction between field doublets and phraseology reflects a balance between lexical diversity and structural stability in German.
Theoretical-Historical Approaches to Globalization and National Identity in Theatre
This article examines how globalization influences the performative construction and transformation of national identity in theatre through a theoretical-historical perspective. Theatre is approached as a dynamic cultural space where national identity is not only represented but also negotiated, contested, and redefined. Using a qualitative and interpretive methodology, the study combines historical periodization, literary and performance analysis, and comparative case studies across four major stages: the rise of national theatre in the eighteenth century, the growth of nationalist dramaturgy in the nineteenth century, the transnational movements of the twentieth century, and contemporary globalized theatre. The analysis demonstrates that globalization does not erase national identity in theatre; instead, it reshapes it into hybrid, multilayered, and context-dependent forms. The study also reveals that national motifs often re-emerge in response to global cultural pressures, while diasporic and transnational performances highlight the fluid and negotiated character of belonging. In addition, state institutions and cultural policies continue to play a significant role in balancing local specificity with global engagement. Ultimately, theatre is shown to function both as a mirror and as a mediator of national identity in the global era.
Digital Transformation and the Education System: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
Digital transformation has emerged as one of the most influential forces reshaping contemporary societies, fundamentally altering economic structures, governance models, and patterns of social interaction. Within this broader transformation, the education system occupies a uniquely central position, as it is simultaneously affected by digital change and responsible for preparing individuals to navigate the digital age. The integration of digital technologies into educational processes has redefined teaching methods, learning environments, institutional structures, and the relationship between educators and learners. Technologies including artificial intelligence, big data analytics, cloud computing, virtual learning environments, and mobile learning platforms have created unprecedented opportunities for personalized instruction, global collaboration, and expanded access to knowledge. However, digital transformation in education extends well beyond technological adoption; it represents a profound cultural, pedagogical, and institutional shift that requires rethinking traditional educational paradigms, redefining the role of educators, and cultivating new competencies among learners. The COVID-19 pandemic dramatically accelerated this process, exposing both the potential and the limitations of digital education systems worldwide. This article examines the concept of digital transformation within the education system through qualitative analysis informed by theoretical frameworks including connectivism, constructivism, and the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge model. The study traces the historical development of educational technology, analyzes the opportunities and risks associated with digitalization, evaluates its impact on teaching methods, institutional management, and learning outcomes, and discusses the ethical, social, and cultural dimensions of digital education. The article argues that successful digital transformation in education requires a holistic strategy integrating technological infrastructure, pedagogical innovation, institutional reform, and ethical responsibility.
Iran–United States Relations: Historical Dynamics, Strategic Rivalry, and Prospects for Diplomacy
The relationship between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States constitutes one of the most persistent and consequential geopolitical rivalries in contemporary international politics. Since the Iranian Revolution of 1979, diplomatic relations between the two countries have been defined by ideological confrontation, economic sanctions, strategic competition, and regional proxy conflicts. This article examines the historical evolution, ideological foundations, and geopolitical dynamics of Iran–United States relations through qualitative historical analysis informed by theoretical perspectives from structural realism, constructivism, and geopolitical studies. The study traces key turning points including the 1953 coup d’état, the Pahlavi-era strategic alliance, the Iranian Revolution, the hostage crisis, the Iran–Iraq War, post–Cold War missed opportunities, and nuclear diplomacy culminating in the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action. The article further evaluates the role of economic sanctions, proxy conflicts, identity narratives, and domestic political constraints in sustaining bilateral hostility. The study argues that despite recurring diplomatic initiatives, structural mistrust rooted in competing security perceptions and adversarial identity constructions continues to reproduce the rivalry. The article concludes by examining possible diplomatic pathways and the conditions necessary for sustainable détente between Tehran and Washington.
Does Watching Netflix Teach Better English Than Textbooks?
This article examines whether watching Netflix can teach English more effectively than traditional textbooks. It compares the pedagogical strengths of textbooks with the authentic and immersive qualities of audiovisual media in English language learning. Textbooks provide structured grammar instruction, organized vocabulary development, and systematic practice of the four main language skills. By contrast, Netflix exposes learners to real-life dialogues, natural pronunciation, idiomatic expressions, diverse accents, and culturally meaningful contexts. The article also discusses the role of subtitles, learner motivation, active versus passive viewing, and the challenges of unsystematic media-based learning. It argues that although Netflix offers valuable support for listening comprehension, vocabulary growth, and socio-cultural competence, it cannot fully replace textbooks because it lacks clear progression, explicit explanation, and corrective feedback. The study concludes that the most effective model of English language learning is a balanced approach that combines textbook-based instruction with purposeful audiovisual exposure. Such integration can improve both linguistic accuracy and communicative competence in contemporary language education.
Types of Fermatas and Their Expressive Techniques in Conducting Practice
A fermata is a musical sign placed over a note, chord, or rest to indicate that the sound or silence should be held longer than its written value. Because its duration is not fixed, the fermata becomes one of the most flexible and powerful means of musical expressiveness, especially in choral and ensemble performance where timing must be coordinated collectively. This article analyzes the main types of fermatas and explains their expressive and technical realization in conducting practice. The study differentiates between cut-off (final) fermatas, where the conductor ends both sound and musical movement, and non-cut-off (continuation) fermatas, where the release simultaneously functions as an upbeat for further motion. Fermatas over barlines and over rests are also examined as devices that create caesura, contrast, tension, and rhetorical emphasis. Special attention is given to expressive preparation through ritardando, gradual tempo reduction, and dynamic shaping, which often make the fermata feel emotionally inevitable. The article also discusses how articulation (legato, non-legato, staccato) and dynamic technique interact with fermata execution. Methodologically, the work combines analytical description, comparative interpretation, and pedagogical observation to support practical recommendations for conducting training.
The Concept of Human Education in the Works of L. N. Tolstoy: A Pedagogical and Psychological Analysis
The article analyzes the concept of human education in the works of Leo Tolstoy from pedagogical and psychological perspectives. The aim of the study is to identify the stages of moral formation in the writer’s works What Men Live By, The Death of Ivan Ilyich, Youth, and Master and Man, and to scientifically explain the role of love, compassion, and conscience in the educational process. Methodologically, the research applies a comparative-analytical approach, pedagogical-psychological interpretation of the literary text, and characterological analysis of the protagonists. The analysis demonstrates that Tolstoy interprets human education not merely as the transmission of knowledge but as the awakening of inner moral potential. The writer presents the human life path—from childhood to death—as a continuous process of moral development and emphasizes that true human value is embodied in conscience and compassion, regardless of social status. The study concludes that Tolstoy’s humanistic worldview possesses significant theoretical and practical relevance for modern pedagogy and psychology and serves as a conceptual model defining the main directions of moral education.
Neural Networks as Artists: Exploring AI in Contemporary Painting
The integration of neural networks into contemporary painting represents a profound transformation in artistic production, aesthetic theory, and creative authorship. This study examines how artificial intelligence (AI), particularly deep learning architectures such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs), generative adversarial networks (GANs), and diffusion models, functions within modern painting practices. Employing an interdisciplinary IMRAD framework, the research combines technical analysis of neural architectures, case studies of AI-generated artworks, and theoretical evaluation of creativity, authorship, and aesthetic agency. The findings indicate that neural networks enable stylistic emulation, generative image synthesis, semantic text-to-image translation, and large-scale visual recombination, thereby expanding both the visual and conceptual boundaries of painting. However, their outputs reflect procedural and statistical creativity rather than conscious intentionality. The study further demonstrates that AI reshapes artistic workflows by shifting emphasis from manual execution toward prompt engineering, system configuration, dataset curation, and algorithmic mediation. While AI-generated paintings have achieved institutional validation and market recognition, they simultaneously raise significant ethical and legal concerns regarding copyright ownership, dataset consent, artistic labor displacement, and cultural appropriation. Ultimately, neural networks function not as autonomous artists but as transformative creative media that redefine collaboration between human imagination and machine computation in contemporary art.
Proverbs As Linguistic Units Preserving the Value of Words
Proverbs represent condensed expressions of collective wisdom that embody the ethical, cultural, and communicative values of a society. Among their thematic classifications, proverbs concerning the value of words occupy a distinctive position within the moral philosophy of speech communities. These proverbs articulate cultural perceptions of language, silence, and verbal responsibility, reflecting an understanding of speech as both a cognitive instrument and a moral force. The present study examines the linguistic, semantic, stylistic, pragmatic, and cognitive features of proverbs that emphasize the value of words. Drawing on cross-linguistic examples, the research demonstrates that across cultures, words are perceived as indicators of intellectual capacity, reflections of moral integrity, and powerful agents capable of creation, healing, or destruction. Proverbs addressing speech behavior, communicative ethics, and the social consequences of language form a significant layer of intangible cultural heritage. The findings suggest that such proverbs reveal a universal awareness of language as a transformative social force and highlight the enduring relevance of verbal responsibility in human interaction.
Media Representation and Sponsorship of Women's Sports in Azerbaijan: Challenges and Opportunities
This study investigates the factors influencing the sponsorship of female athletes, examining the role of athlete-related, media-related, consumer-related, and external factors. Through a survey of participants within the sports industry, the research highlights the key challenges and opportunities for female athletes in securing sponsorships. The findings emphasize the importance of performance perception, media exposure, fan engagement, and societal attitudes towards gender equality in sports. While performance and media coverage are identified as crucial elements in attracting sponsorship, the research also reveals the challenges posed by cultural stereotypes and consumer perceptions. Recommendations are made for increasing media visibility, fostering greater fan engagement, and addressing gender biases to create a more equitable environment for female athletes. The study contributes to the existing literature on sports sponsorship and gender equality, offering insights for sponsors, sports organizations, and policymakers in promoting female sports.
The Role of Infrastructure Innovations in Regional Development: Evidence from the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
In the modern global economy, infrastructure innovation has become a crucial determinant of regional competitiveness, economic resilience, and long-term sustainable development. This is particularly relevant for geographically constrained, landlocked, or peripheral regions, where innovative infrastructure can alleviate structural disadvantages, strengthen connectivity with external markets, and enhance the efficiency of resource allocation. By reducing transaction costs, accelerating the movement of goods and information, and improving institutional and technological capacity, infrastructure innovation contributes to both economic growth and social cohesion. This study examines the role of infrastructure innovation in promoting regional economic development in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, a region characterized by its unique geopolitical position and limited transport corridors. Using an econometric time-series modeling framework, the research analyzes the long-run and short-run relationships between innovation-oriented infrastructure indicators and regional economic growth. The empirical findings reveal a statistically significant and positive relationship between infrastructure innovation and economic performance, confirming that innovation-driven infrastructure policies serve as a key pillar of sustainable and competitive regional development.
Geometric Ornamentation in Chalcolithic Pottery from Nakhchivan
Geometric patterns on Chalcolithic ceramics from the Nakhchivan region are a stable visual component of local material culture. Despite a limited range of motifs, these patterns show strong compositional regularity, technical consistency, and typological continuity. Typological analysis indicates that the decorative elements form a coherent visual system grounded in standardised forms and production practices. From a cognitive perspective, this stability may be linked to repetitive gestures and motor routines in ceramic manufacture, supporting the stabilization of form and visual order. Simple, rhythmic geometric configurations further offer advantages for motor control and attentional organisation. Regional comparisons suggest that Nakhchivan’s ceramic ornamentation developed in close interaction with the Urmia basin and the wider Near Eastern cultural sphere. Painted assemblages from Nakhchivan Tepe show affinities with the Dalma Tepe tradition, while material from Bülövqaya indicates connections with Halaf and Ubaid contexts. Overall, Chalcolithic ceramic ornamentation in Nakhchivan reflects processes shaped by both local continuity and interregional interaction.