Bioecological Traits and Ecological–Agronomic Hazards of the Invasive Species Xanthium strumarium L. in Arid Regions of Azerbaijan

Abstract

Xanthium strumarium L. is a globally distributed invasive weed whose rapid ecological expansion poses growing risks to agricultural productivity and biodiversity. This study investigates the bioecological traits and harmful impacts of X. strumarium within the Kangarli District of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, where the species has become increasingly dominant. Field research conducted between September and November 2025 employed systematic morphological assessment, phenological observations, and habitat-based evaluations to determine the plant’s ecological behavior and dispersal mechanisms. Findings reveal pronounced ecological plasticity, including tolerance to drought, frost, and saline soils, alongside aggressive competitive interactions that suppress crop yields, alter native plant communities, and generate livestock and human health concerns due to its barbed fruits. The study highlights X. strumarium as a significant ecological and economic threat, underscoring the urgent need for continuous monitoring, targeted management interventions, and long-term invasion-risk modeling.