Geographical Distribution of Mugham and the Musical Instruments Used in Its Performance

Abstract

Mugham is one of the oldest modal music traditions of the East and an important component of the intangible cultural heritage of Azerbaijan and neighboring regions. Closely related modal traditions are practiced under different names and with distinctive stylistic features, including Dastgah in Iran, Shashmaqom in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, Makam in Turkey, Iraqi Maqam, and Arabic Maqam. This study examines the geographical distribution of Mugham-related traditions and compares the musical instruments used in their performance. A qualitative comparative design was applied through documentary analysis of ethnomusicological literature, historical studies, and UNESCO cultural heritage materials. The findings show that these traditions differ in repertoire, terminology, ensemble structure, and regional performance aesthetics, yet share fundamental principles of modal organization, improvisation, emotional expression, poetic integration, and oral transmission. Instrumentation demonstrates both historical continuity and local adaptation. Azerbaijani Mugham is commonly performed by a khananda accompanied by tar, kamancha, and gaval; Persian Dastgah uses instruments such as tar, setar, santur, ney, and tombak; Turkish Makam frequently employs oud, tanbur, kanun, ney, and classical kemençe; and Central Asian Shashmaqom features dutar, tanbur, ghijak, sato, nai, and doira. These parallels reflect long-term intercultural exchange across the Caucasus, the Middle East, and Central Asia. The study concludes that Mugham and related traditions form a shared modal musical heritage while retaining distinct national and regional identities. Their preservation requires both support for local master-apprentice practices and sustained international cooperation.